Sensory and Motor System Flashcards
List Conscious Special Senses
Vision, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Equilibrium..
List Conscious Somatic Senses
Touch-pressure, Temperature, Pain, and Proprioception.
List Subconscious Somatic Stimuli
Muscle length-tension.
List Subconscious Visceral Stimuli
Blood Pressure, pH & O2 content of blood, pH of cerebrospinal fluid, Lung inflation, Osmolality of body fluids, Temperature, Blood Glucose, Distension of GI tract.
What is Transduce?
Incoming stimuli into an electrical signal.
Ex.
Light -> Convert stimulus into electrical signal (Receptor Cell)-> Convert into 2nd Messenger (Higher Ca)-> Affect neurons into CNS.
What do Mechanosensitive Receptor respond to?
Mechanical Energy. The sensors respond to tissue deformation or stretch and collapsing of membranes.
What do Thermoreceptor respond to?
Respond to changes in temperature through ion channels in nerve endings under the surface of the skin.
What do Chemoreceptors respond to?
Respond to chemicals. Like taste and smell. Oldest receptor that single celled organism used to recognize environment.
What do Electromagnetic Receptors respond to?
Light or electromagnetic fields. Such as birds and bees.
What do Nociceptors respond to?
Respond to Tissue damage or Swelling.
What is the development or transduction of Receptor Potential?
Respond to by graded potentials known as Receptor Potentials. Most of the time they are (EPSP)
Are all sensory neurons capable of generating Action Receptors?
No, Ex. photoreceptors and taste cells.
Are Vertebrate Hair Cells always active?
Yes, they are always releasing neurotransmitters onto the Axon of the Next Cell in line.
How is the intensity of stimulation coded for in Receptor Potentials in the Sensory System?
Frequency of Action Potentials Generated
Number of receptors active (population coding) and Duration of Stimulus
Gentle pressure causes _____ and Intense pressure causes _____ in the sensory receptor?
Low Frequency
High Frequency
What are the two receptors in Stimulation Receptors?
Tonic and Phasic
What are the four properties of Tonic Receptors? Include the Receptors they activate!
Constant response, Transmit signal to CNA as long as stimulus is present, Slow to adapt, and Includes: Pressure-sensitive baroreceptors, Nociceptors, and some tactile and proprioceptors.
What are the fours properties of Phasic Receptors? Include the Receptors they activate!
Response adapts rapidly after initial burst of activity: SENSORY ADAPTATION
Transmit single to CNS when stimulus intensity changes
Allow one to filter out background noise (signal)
Includes: Olfactory receptors & photoreceptors..
What is the job of the Mechanoreception?
Produce receptor potentials in response to membrane distortion (fluids; particles)
What is the sensory organ that invertebrates contain?
Statocyst
What organ responds to mechanical deformation that is produced by ciliated receptors cells.
Statocyst
Inside the Statocyst the ______ move and settle to the lowest point of ______
Statoliths
Gravity
The Cilated Receptor Cells in the Statocyst are distorted by what?
Statoliths
How do insects hear?
They have a varying length & thick of hair cells that vibrate and different frequencies. These hair frequencies are activated by specific stimuli. (Mechanosensitive Channels at base)
What type of membrane covers an air-filled chamber?
Tympanic membrane
Sounds waves hit this specialized ear in insects known as the _________ which causes vibration , which then the activation of _______, which then in turn signal the brain.
Tympanic membrane
receptor cells underneath.
What does Mammalian hearing rely on?
Perception of energy carried in sound waves.
Mammalian Hearing is characterized by ?
Pitch or Frequency, Loudness
The human ear can sense 20-_____ Hz?
20,000
When is Mammalian Hearing most acute?
1000-3000Hz
How is loudness measured in Mammalian Hearing?
Decibels (dB)
At what loudness does conversation happen, and at what loudness does damage occur ?
60dB-80dB sustained
120dB: Jet engine , concert
What are the three function parts of the ear?
External Ear (Pinna), Middle Ear, and Inner Ear.
The Pinna acts as a _______ to capture sound _______ and focus it toward the _______________
Reflector
Efficiently
Ear Canal (External Auditory Meatus)
The air-filled pouch that extends from the _______ , to which it is connected by the __________ is know as what Functional part of the Ear?
Pharynx, Eustachian Tube
MIDDLE EAR
Where does the Middle ear begin?
Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)
The middle ear contains _ bones of the middle ear. These bones are known as the ______ and known as the ______,, _________, and _________.
Ossicles
Malleus, Incus, and Stapes
The Ossicles in order from _______, ________, and _______ lead to the ______ window.
Malleus, Inucs, staples.
Oval
The Cochlea is in which part of the Ear?
Inner Ear
What causes fluid to move within the Cochlea Chambers?
Vibrations from the Stapes to the Oval Window.
Which Canals carry waves of fluid movement, and in what direction?
The waves travel through the Vestibular Canal and back through the Tympanic Canal.
What do you call the part of the canal that dissipates pressure?
Round Window
The pressure waves in the inner ear travel through the _______, and effect the ______ __ ______ by using the same _____ at the same _______ as the incoming sound
Cochlea membrane
Organ of Corti
Pressure
Frequency
Name the parts of the Organ of Corti
Basilar Membrane Inner Hair Cells Tectorial Membrane Mechanosensitive Channels Auditory Nerve
What, and how, pushes the inner ear hair cells against the Tectorial Membrane?
The Basilar Membrane vibrations push the hair cells against the tectorial membrane causing them to bend.
Does the Inner Hair Cells move or does the Tectorial Membrane?
The hair cells move
The bending of Inner Hair Cells cause what?
Depolarization of Mechanosensitive Channels in the Hair Cells
How is in the information of the Organ of Corti carried out?
Through the Auditory Nerve to the Brain.
At rest, inner ear hair cells are?
Have some channels open.
What happens when more channels open due to positive ions in the Inner Ear Hair?
Excitation which cause them to depolarize
Inhibition in the Inner Hair causes what?
Channel to close due to less positive ions. Causes hyperpolarization in cells.
How are different frequencies (pitch) detected?
By the Basilar Membrane
The Base of the Basilar Membrane is ______ and _____. That detects high or low frequencies?
Narrow and Stiff
High Frequencies
The part of the Basilar Membrane that detects low pitch is know as the ________ and is _____ and ______
Apex,
Wide and Flexible
Between what frequencies give off maximum vibration?
16 kHz-500kHz
Compression causes the stapes to do what in the Cochlea?
Causes the stapes to compress the basilar membrane toward the Scala Tympani
From the Oval window, name the parts of which the waves of fluid travel.
Vestibular Canal –> Helicotrema –>Tympanic Canal
What is the Scala Vestibuli?
The upper bony passage of the cochlea
What is the Scala Tympani?
The lower boney part of the Cochlea
Rarefaction causes the stapes to do what inside the Cochlea?
Causes the stapes to move back from the Cochlea and the Basal Membrane to move toward the Scala Vestibuli.
What is the connections between Ear Hair cells called?
Protein Bridge
The Hairs in the Inner ear are called what?
Stereo cilia
What contain the Stereo Cilia?
Hair Cells
What type of force does the Tectorial Membrane contain?
Shearing Force: (Force action on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance) (hairs go opposite direction)
What does the Tonotopic Map show?
The Basilar Membrane inside the Cochlea and where the Vibrations Occur at what Hz
What are the Semicircular Canals part of?
Equilibrium
What structure contains three distinct planes to detect angular head movement?
Semicircular Canals
What is the swelling in each canal called?
Ampulla
Where are the hair cells (receptor cells) contained in the Semicircular Canal?
Ampulla
What pushes the Cupula?
The flow of Endolymph
What is the gel like matrix that covers the stereo cilia?
Cupula
In the Semicircular Canals, how does the increase of action potentials occur?
By the bending of the hair cells in proportion to the rotational acceleration.
What are the three canals in the Semicircular Canals called, and what are their functions?
Posterior: Tilting head Left and Right
Horizontal: Shake head for no
Superior : Nod head for yes
What Organ senses linear acceleration & head position?
Otolith Organs
What is the Otolith Organ made up of?
Nerve fivers, hair cells, gelatinous material, and the Otolith Membrane
What lies upon the Otolith membrane?
Otoconia
Each Semicircular Canal contains hair cells called?
Macula
How many Macula does the Utricle contain ? What movement do they detect?
30,000 , Horizontal
How many Macula dose the Saccule Contain? What movement do they detect?
16,000, Vertical
What are Otoconia made up of?
Calcium carbonate crystals
What moves with changes in head position?
Otoconia
What are the two Vestibules in the Semicircular Canals?
Utricle and Saccule
How is the information sent to the brain from the Semicircular Canals?
Vestibular Nerve
What sense is one of the oldest senses evolutionarily?
Chemical Senses
What type of animals rely on Chemoreception to locate Food and Mates?
Animals without structured nervous systems.(Ex. Bacteria)
Stimuli for the chemical sense (Taste and Smell) consists of what?
Molecules dissolved in a solution. Meaning they must be dissolved in order to be detected
Taste is dissolved in what?
Saliva
Smell is dissolved in what?
Mucus
Where are taste receptor cells located?
Primarily in the tongue; but soft palate, esophagus, epiglottis, larynx in significant numbers.
Cluster of Organelles in the mouth are known as?
Taste Buds.
What sense has apical microvilli ( high absorptive area)?
Taste
Where are the most receptors /channels located in Taste?
Microvilli
Name the structure of the tongue from the base.
Muscle Layer Salivary Glands Connective Tissue Taste Buds Circumvallate Papilla Filiform Papillae
What encompasses the Taste Cell?
Connective Tissue.
The microvilli lay inside the _________ which is encompassed by ______?
Taste Pore
Epithelium
What is the most common type of Papillae?
Filiform Papillae
What type of Papillae has no Taste Bud?
Filiform Papillae
What type of Papilla has Taste Buds?
Fungiform Papillae
The Lingual Papillae are mostly located in the ______ part of the tongue. What kind of taste can they distinguish?
Tip and on the Sides. They have taste buds on their upper surface and
What taste recognizes Carbs?
Sweet
What taste recognizes Minerals?
Salty
What mineral Recognizes Amino Acids?
Umami
What is Toxin Avoidance?
Rejecting those things which could potentially harm us
Bitter Taste is an example of?
Plant Alkaloids, Venoms, and Pharmaceuticals
Role of Sour?
Avoid
What are the two receptors for taste?
Ion Channels and G Protein Coupled Receptors
What sense causes a membrane depolarization and a rise in intracellular Ca2+?
Taste
What is flavor referring to ?
The combination of Smell and Taste
Are there different Chemoreceptors for Different Odorants?
Yes
What are the Chemoreceptors encompassed in?
Plasma Membrane
Name functions of smelling once Odorants dissolve in Mucus?
Cilia receive stimuli through Chemoreceptors, which then are transmitted into the Olfactory Receptor which is encompassed inside the Epithelial Cell. The Neuron then bases the bone into the Olfactory bulb of the brain where Action Potentials will fire.
What sense accounts for 2-3% of all genes and has around 700 members?
Olfactory Receptors
What is the benefit of Olfactory Receptors having 7 _________________?
G protein-coupled receptors with 7 transmembrane domains .
Diversity allows for identification of a huge variety of different chemical structures
What different about Cl in Olfactory Receptors?
They have a high intracellular concentration causing them to be higher then threshold at around -8mV
What happens when alpha GDP turns into alpha GTP in Olfactory neurons?
I causes Adenylyl Cyclase III to release cAMP in order to depolarize cyclic nucleotide gated channels (Na &Ca),. Ca comes outs and then activates Cl Channels
All photoreceptors contain similar ________ that absorb light in terms of ________ and ______
Types of Pigments
Intensity
Direction
Energy in converted into electrical signal in what type of receptor?
Photoreceptors
What type of eyes detect only light intensity and direction from one direction?
Simple eyes
Ex. Planaria
What is ocelli?
Two or more Ocellus (Simple Eyes)
Anthropods contain several 1000 ______?
Ommatidia
The _______ in human eyes detect individual flashes of light at a rate of ___?
Ommatidia
50/s
What color can bees detect ?
Blue Green and Ultraviolet, because they have photoreceptors for it.
Single Len Eyes are different from Compound Lens (Human)?
They evolved with different iris function. The iris changes diameter of the pupil to let in more or less light .In single lens, the lens more forward or backwards like a camera
In vertebrate eyes; the lens changes _______
Thickness to focus images
What is the pathway for light in the Vertebrae eye?
Light first hits the Cornea which then penetrates the Aqueous humor. The light then hits the pupil where how much light let in will be determined by the iris. The lens then focuses that light on the back of the eye (Vitreous Humor)
What does the Cornea do?
Acts as an initial fixed lens
The fixed lens in the compound lens is ________
Aqueous Humor
The hole in the center of the eye that allows light in is known as?
Pupil
What determines the diameter of allowing light inside Pupil?
Iris j
What focuses the light onto back of the eye?
Lens
The back of they eye that light hits is known as______?
Vitreous Humor
The cells that are involved in phototransduction are known as______?
Retina
The Phototransduction cells in the ________ involve what structures?
Ganglion cell Layer
Interneuron Layer
Photoreceptor
Explain the way and identify the term in which the lens changes shape to keep images focus?
The lens uses Accommodation. The Contraction and Relaxation of the ciliary muscles alter the shape of the lens (round for close object).
Farsighted ness is know as ?
Hyperopia and the focal point falls behind the retina
Nearsightedness is known as?
Myopia and the focal point falls in front of the retina
The loss of lens accommodation with aging is known as?
Presbyopia
The imperfect shaped cornea that generates 2 focal points is known as?
Astigmatism
What are the properties of RODS in the eyes?
High Sensitivity to light ( 20:1)
More photopigment: captures more light
High Amp; capable of single photon detection
Low Temporal resolution: Slow response and long integration time
More sensitive to scatter light
What are the properties of CONES in the eyes?
Lower sens: day vision Less photopigment Lower amplification High Temporal integration: Fast response and short integration time More sensitive to direct axial rays
Explain the Rod System.
Low Acuity: not present in FOVEA
In the ___ System in the eye, ________ is one type of rod pigment
Rod
Achromatic
What photoreceptor system has HIGH acuity in the FOVEA?
Cone System
Which system in the photoreceptors detect Chromatic?
Cone System
What happens when light strikes the photopigment in the photoreceptors?
Phototransduction
What type of photoreceptors do Rods contain?
Rhodopsin
Are the 3 different photopigments in Cones similar to the Rods rhodopsin?
Yes
What is connected to the neuron in the Vision system?
Rods and Cones
The rods and cones in the vision system contain what inside them?
Disks
In rods, the absorption of light changes the conformation of _______, which then alters the shape of _______.
Retinal
Opsin
In the Retinal of the eyes, Light changes ___ isomers to ____?
Cis to Trans
In the Retinal of the eyes, Enzymes changes ___ isomers to ____?
Trans to Cis
In the Dark , what photoreceptors are inactive, and what enzyme levels are high?
Rhodospin
cGMP
The “Dark Current” is known as what Channels being open in the dark?
the Na and K channels
In the dark, where is the Membrane potential ?
40mV which means transmission is occurring
In the light what causes the unbinding of Opsin ? What is the term for this?
The action of Retinal light absorption and its known as BLEACHING
In light, what causes transducin?
Activated Opsin actives G protein.
Activated transducin causes activation of?
phosphodiesterase
What happens to the cells charge in the eyes when exposed to light?
Cell Hyperpolarize, (-70mV) Meaning transmission decreases.
What is it called when Active Retinal is reduced to Inactive from in pigment epithelium? What does this cause?
Recovery of Phototransduction in Rods
Causes Inactive retinal to return to RODS and combines with Opsin.
The hard particles of inorganic material in Sponges is known as?
Spicules
What type of invertebrate contains ossicles (small bones) of calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate bound with protein?
Echinoderms (Sand Dollar. Sea cucumber, Starfish)
In the endoskeleton, bones or cartilage often joined together by ligament or to muscle by tendons are known as?
Chordates
The axial Skeleton consist of?
bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate
Appendicular Skeleton consist of?
Every other bone than head and trunk bones
Muscles are attached to bones in _______ pairs?
Antagonistic
Contraction in muscles …?
Shortens muscle placing force between tendons
What pulls the more moveable bone inward? What is the term for this?
Contraction
Insertion
The less movable bone is known as?
Origin
What are the types of skeletons?
Hydrostatic and Exoskeleton
The type of skeleton that is held under pressure in a closed compartment and uses movement by changing shape of fluid-filled compartments with muscle/contractile cells is known as what?
Hydrostatic
Cnidarians, annelids, nematodes !
Hard covering of body surface including shells or cuticles that attach underlying muscles is known as what?
Exoskeleton
In the Exoskeleton, what attach to underlying muscles?
Cuticles
In grasshoppers, what happens when the Tibia flexes?
Extensor muscles relax and Flexor muscle contracts
In grasshoppers, what happens when the Tibia extends?
Extensor muscles contract and Flexor muscles relax
Name the structures that the muscles contains.
Muscle, Bundle of Muscle Fibers, Single Muscle Fiber Cell, Nuclei, Plasma Membrane, Myofibril, Light Band, Dark band, Z line, and Sacromere
What two filaments are inside the Sacromere?
Thick Filaments (Myosin) and Thin Filaments (Actin)
What are the structures of the Myosin Molecule?
Myosin tail, Hinge Region, and Myosin Head
What is long tailed, and globular headed has ATPase activity 250 ____ molecules in One thick Filament?
Myosin
What are G-Actin?
Globular units form helical structure F-actin (filamentous)
What are the rod shaped, and closely associated with Actin and AND. Which allow the myosin to bind?
Tropomyosin , which are in THIN filaments
What structure in the Sacromere have 3-protein complex that associates w/ Tropomyosin to from a barrier to formation of cross-bridge between actin and myosin (@ rest)
Troponin
Nocturnal animals have?
Tapetum (Reflective layer)
