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Biology 1620 > Sensory and Motor System > Flashcards

Sensory and Motor System Flashcards

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1
Q

List Conscious Special Senses

A

Vision, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Equilibrium..

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2
Q

List Conscious Somatic Senses

A

Touch-pressure, Temperature, Pain, and Proprioception.

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3
Q

List Subconscious Somatic Stimuli

A

Muscle length-tension.

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4
Q

List Subconscious Visceral Stimuli

A

Blood Pressure, pH & O2 content of blood, pH of cerebrospinal fluid, Lung inflation, Osmolality of body fluids, Temperature, Blood Glucose, Distension of GI tract.

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5
Q

What is Transduce?

A

Incoming stimuli into an electrical signal.
Ex.
Light -> Convert stimulus into electrical signal (Receptor Cell)-> Convert into 2nd Messenger (Higher Ca)-> Affect neurons into CNS.

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6
Q

What do Mechanosensitive Receptor respond to?

A

Mechanical Energy. The sensors respond to tissue deformation or stretch and collapsing of membranes.

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7
Q

What do Thermoreceptor respond to?

A

Respond to changes in temperature through ion channels in nerve endings under the surface of the skin.

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8
Q

What do Chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Respond to chemicals. Like taste and smell. Oldest receptor that single celled organism used to recognize environment.

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9
Q

What do Electromagnetic Receptors respond to?

A

Light or electromagnetic fields. Such as birds and bees.

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10
Q

What do Nociceptors respond to?

A

Respond to Tissue damage or Swelling.

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11
Q

What is the development or transduction of Receptor Potential?

A

Respond to by graded potentials known as Receptor Potentials. Most of the time they are (EPSP)

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12
Q

Are all sensory neurons capable of generating Action Receptors?

A

No, Ex. photoreceptors and taste cells.

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13
Q

Are Vertebrate Hair Cells always active?

A

Yes, they are always releasing neurotransmitters onto the Axon of the Next Cell in line.

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14
Q

How is the intensity of stimulation coded for in Receptor Potentials in the Sensory System?

A

Frequency of Action Potentials Generated

Number of receptors active (population coding) and Duration of Stimulus

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15
Q

Gentle pressure causes _____ and Intense pressure causes _____ in the sensory receptor?

A

Low Frequency

High Frequency

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16
Q

What are the two receptors in Stimulation Receptors?

A

Tonic and Phasic

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17
Q

What are the four properties of Tonic Receptors? Include the Receptors they activate!

A

Constant response, Transmit signal to CNA as long as stimulus is present, Slow to adapt, and Includes: Pressure-sensitive baroreceptors, Nociceptors, and some tactile and proprioceptors.

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18
Q

What are the fours properties of Phasic Receptors? Include the Receptors they activate!

A

Response adapts rapidly after initial burst of activity: SENSORY ADAPTATION
Transmit single to CNS when stimulus intensity changes
Allow one to filter out background noise (signal)
Includes: Olfactory receptors & photoreceptors..

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19
Q

What is the job of the Mechanoreception?

A

Produce receptor potentials in response to membrane distortion (fluids; particles)

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20
Q

What is the sensory organ that invertebrates contain?

A

Statocyst

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21
Q

What organ responds to mechanical deformation that is produced by ciliated receptors cells.

A

Statocyst

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22
Q

Inside the Statocyst the ______ move and settle to the lowest point of ______

A

Statoliths

Gravity

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23
Q

The Cilated Receptor Cells in the Statocyst are distorted by what?

A

Statoliths

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24
Q

How do insects hear?

A

They have a varying length & thick of hair cells that vibrate and different frequencies. These hair frequencies are activated by specific stimuli. (Mechanosensitive Channels at base)

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25
Q

What type of membrane covers an air-filled chamber?

A

Tympanic membrane

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26
Q

Sounds waves hit this specialized ear in insects known as the _________ which causes vibration , which then the activation of _______, which then in turn signal the brain.

A

Tympanic membrane

receptor cells underneath.

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27
Q

What does Mammalian hearing rely on?

A

Perception of energy carried in sound waves.

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28
Q

Mammalian Hearing is characterized by ?

A

Pitch or Frequency, Loudness

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29
Q

The human ear can sense 20-_____ Hz?

A

20,000

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30
Q

When is Mammalian Hearing most acute?

A

1000-3000Hz

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31
Q

How is loudness measured in Mammalian Hearing?

A

Decibels (dB)

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32
Q

At what loudness does conversation happen, and at what loudness does damage occur ?

A

60dB-80dB sustained

120dB: Jet engine , concert

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33
Q

What are the three function parts of the ear?

A

External Ear (Pinna), Middle Ear, and Inner Ear.

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34
Q

The Pinna acts as a _______ to capture sound _______ and focus it toward the _______________

A

Reflector
Efficiently
Ear Canal (External Auditory Meatus)

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35
Q

The air-filled pouch that extends from the _______ , to which it is connected by the __________ is know as what Functional part of the Ear?

A

Pharynx, Eustachian Tube

MIDDLE EAR

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36
Q

Where does the Middle ear begin?

A

Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)

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37
Q

The middle ear contains _ bones of the middle ear. These bones are known as the ______ and known as the ______,, _________, and _________.

A

Ossicles

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

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38
Q

The Ossicles in order from _______, ________, and _______ lead to the ______ window.

A

Malleus, Inucs, staples.

Oval

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39
Q

The Cochlea is in which part of the Ear?

A

Inner Ear

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40
Q

What causes fluid to move within the Cochlea Chambers?

A

Vibrations from the Stapes to the Oval Window.

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41
Q

Which Canals carry waves of fluid movement, and in what direction?

A

The waves travel through the Vestibular Canal and back through the Tympanic Canal.

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42
Q

What do you call the part of the canal that dissipates pressure?

A

Round Window

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43
Q

The pressure waves in the inner ear travel through the _______, and effect the ______ __ ______ by using the same _____ at the same _______ as the incoming sound

A

Cochlea membrane
Organ of Corti
Pressure
Frequency

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44
Q

Name the parts of the Organ of Corti

A 
Basilar Membrane
Inner Hair Cells
Tectorial Membrane 
Mechanosensitive Channels
Auditory Nerve
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45
Q

What, and how, pushes the inner ear hair cells against the Tectorial Membrane?

A

The Basilar Membrane vibrations push the hair cells against the tectorial membrane causing them to bend.

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46
Q

Does the Inner Hair Cells move or does the Tectorial Membrane?

A

The hair cells move

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47
Q

The bending of Inner Hair Cells cause what?

A

Depolarization of Mechanosensitive Channels in the Hair Cells

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48
Q

How is in the information of the Organ of Corti carried out?

A

Through the Auditory Nerve to the Brain.

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49
Q

At rest, inner ear hair cells are?

A

Have some channels open.

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50
Q

What happens when more channels open due to positive ions in the Inner Ear Hair?

A

Excitation which cause them to depolarize

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51
Q

Inhibition in the Inner Hair causes what?

A

Channel to close due to less positive ions. Causes hyperpolarization in cells.

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52
Q

How are different frequencies (pitch) detected?

A

By the Basilar Membrane

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53
Q

The Base of the Basilar Membrane is ______ and _____. That detects high or low frequencies?

A

Narrow and Stiff

High Frequencies

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54
Q

The part of the Basilar Membrane that detects low pitch is know as the ________ and is _____ and ______

A

Apex,

Wide and Flexible

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55
Q

Between what frequencies give off maximum vibration?

A

16 kHz-500kHz

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56
Q

Compression causes the stapes to do what in the Cochlea?

A

Causes the stapes to compress the basilar membrane toward the Scala Tympani

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57
Q

From the Oval window, name the parts of which the waves of fluid travel.

A

Vestibular Canal –> Helicotrema –>Tympanic Canal

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58
Q

What is the Scala Vestibuli?

A

The upper bony passage of the cochlea

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59
Q

What is the Scala Tympani?

A

The lower boney part of the Cochlea

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60
Q

Rarefaction causes the stapes to do what inside the Cochlea?

A

Causes the stapes to move back from the Cochlea and the Basal Membrane to move toward the Scala Vestibuli.

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61
Q

What is the connections between Ear Hair cells called?

A

Protein Bridge

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62
Q

The Hairs in the Inner ear are called what?

A

Stereo cilia

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63
Q

What contain the Stereo Cilia?

A

Hair Cells

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64
Q

What type of force does the Tectorial Membrane contain?

A

Shearing Force: (Force action on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance) (hairs go opposite direction)

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65
Q

What does the Tonotopic Map show?

A

The Basilar Membrane inside the Cochlea and where the Vibrations Occur at what Hz

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66
Q

What are the Semicircular Canals part of?

A

Equilibrium

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67
Q

What structure contains three distinct planes to detect angular head movement?

A

Semicircular Canals

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68
Q

What is the swelling in each canal called?

A

Ampulla

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69
Q

Where are the hair cells (receptor cells) contained in the Semicircular Canal?

A

Ampulla

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70
Q

What pushes the Cupula?

A

The flow of Endolymph

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71
Q

What is the gel like matrix that covers the stereo cilia?

A

Cupula

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72
Q

In the Semicircular Canals, how does the increase of action potentials occur?

A

By the bending of the hair cells in proportion to the rotational acceleration.

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73
Q

What are the three canals in the Semicircular Canals called, and what are their functions?

A

Posterior: Tilting head Left and Right
Horizontal: Shake head for no
Superior : Nod head for yes

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74
Q

What Organ senses linear acceleration & head position?

A

Otolith Organs

75
Q

What is the Otolith Organ made up of?

A

Nerve fivers, hair cells, gelatinous material, and the Otolith Membrane

76
Q

What lies upon the Otolith membrane?

A

Otoconia

77
Q

Each Semicircular Canal contains hair cells called?

A

Macula

78
Q

How many Macula does the Utricle contain ? What movement do they detect?

A

30,000 , Horizontal

79
Q

How many Macula dose the Saccule Contain? What movement do they detect?

A

16,000, Vertical

80
Q

What are Otoconia made up of?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

81
Q

What moves with changes in head position?

A

Otoconia

82
Q

What are the two Vestibules in the Semicircular Canals?

A

Utricle and Saccule

83
Q

How is the information sent to the brain from the Semicircular Canals?

A

Vestibular Nerve

84
Q

What sense is one of the oldest senses evolutionarily?

A

Chemical Senses

85
Q

What type of animals rely on Chemoreception to locate Food and Mates?

A

Animals without structured nervous systems.(Ex. Bacteria)

86
Q

Stimuli for the chemical sense (Taste and Smell) consists of what?

A

Molecules dissolved in a solution. Meaning they must be dissolved in order to be detected

87
Q

Taste is dissolved in what?

A

Saliva

88
Q

Smell is dissolved in what?

A

Mucus

89
Q

Where are taste receptor cells located?

A

Primarily in the tongue; but soft palate, esophagus, epiglottis, larynx in significant numbers.

90
Q

Cluster of Organelles in the mouth are known as?

A

Taste Buds.

91
Q

What sense has apical microvilli ( high absorptive area)?

A

Taste

92
Q

Where are the most receptors /channels located in Taste?

A

Microvilli

93
Q

Name the structure of the tongue from the base.

A 
Muscle Layer
Salivary Glands
Connective Tissue 
Taste Buds
Circumvallate Papilla
Filiform Papillae
94
Q

What encompasses the Taste Cell?

A

Connective Tissue.

95
Q

The microvilli lay inside the _________ which is encompassed by ______?

A

Taste Pore

Epithelium

96
Q

What is the most common type of Papillae?

A

Filiform Papillae

97
Q

What type of Papillae has no Taste Bud?

A

Filiform Papillae

98
Q

What type of Papilla has Taste Buds?

A

Fungiform Papillae

99
Q

The Lingual Papillae are mostly located in the ______ part of the tongue. What kind of taste can they distinguish?

A

Tip and on the Sides. They have taste buds on their upper surface and

100
Q

What taste recognizes Carbs?

A

Sweet

101
Q

What taste recognizes Minerals?

A

Salty

102
Q

What mineral Recognizes Amino Acids?

A

Umami

103
Q

What is Toxin Avoidance?

A

Rejecting those things which could potentially harm us

104
Q

Bitter Taste is an example of?

A

Plant Alkaloids, Venoms, and Pharmaceuticals

105
Q

Role of Sour?

A

Avoid

106
Q

What are the two receptors for taste?

A

Ion Channels and G Protein Coupled Receptors

107
Q

What sense causes a membrane depolarization and a rise in intracellular Ca2+?

A

Taste

108
Q

What is flavor referring to ?

A

The combination of Smell and Taste

109
Q

Are there different Chemoreceptors for Different Odorants?

A

Yes

110
Q

What are the Chemoreceptors encompassed in?

A

Plasma Membrane

111
Q

Name functions of smelling once Odorants dissolve in Mucus?

A

Cilia receive stimuli through Chemoreceptors, which then are transmitted into the Olfactory Receptor which is encompassed inside the Epithelial Cell. The Neuron then bases the bone into the Olfactory bulb of the brain where Action Potentials will fire.

112
Q

What sense accounts for 2-3% of all genes and has around 700 members?

A

Olfactory Receptors

113
Q

What is the benefit of Olfactory Receptors having 7 _________________?

A

G protein-coupled receptors with 7 transmembrane domains .

Diversity allows for identification of a huge variety of different chemical structures

114
Q

What different about Cl in Olfactory Receptors?

A

They have a high intracellular concentration causing them to be higher then threshold at around -8mV

115
Q

What happens when alpha GDP turns into alpha GTP in Olfactory neurons?

A

I causes Adenylyl Cyclase III to release cAMP in order to depolarize cyclic nucleotide gated channels (Na &Ca),. Ca comes outs and then activates Cl Channels

116
Q

All photoreceptors contain similar ________ that absorb light in terms of ________ and ______

A

Types of Pigments
Intensity
Direction

117
Q

Energy in converted into electrical signal in what type of receptor?

A

Photoreceptors

118
Q

What type of eyes detect only light intensity and direction from one direction?

A

Simple eyes

Ex. Planaria

119
Q

What is ocelli?

A

Two or more Ocellus (Simple Eyes)

120
Q

Anthropods contain several 1000 ______?

A

Ommatidia

121
Q

The _______ in human eyes detect individual flashes of light at a rate of ___?

A

Ommatidia

50/s

122
Q

What color can bees detect ?

A

Blue Green and Ultraviolet, because they have photoreceptors for it.

123
Q

Single Len Eyes are different from Compound Lens (Human)?

A

They evolved with different iris function. The iris changes diameter of the pupil to let in more or less light .In single lens, the lens more forward or backwards like a camera

124
Q

In vertebrate eyes; the lens changes _______

A

Thickness to focus images

125
Q

What is the pathway for light in the Vertebrae eye?

A

Light first hits the Cornea which then penetrates the Aqueous humor. The light then hits the pupil where how much light let in will be determined by the iris. The lens then focuses that light on the back of the eye (Vitreous Humor)

126
Q

What does the Cornea do?

A

Acts as an initial fixed lens

127
Q

The fixed lens in the compound lens is ________

A

Aqueous Humor

128
Q

The hole in the center of the eye that allows light in is known as?

A

Pupil

129
Q

What determines the diameter of allowing light inside Pupil?

A

Iris j

130
Q

What focuses the light onto back of the eye?

A

Lens

131
Q

The back of they eye that light hits is known as______?

A

Vitreous Humor

132
Q

The cells that are involved in phototransduction are known as______?

A

Retina

133
Q

The Phototransduction cells in the ________ involve what structures?

A

Ganglion cell Layer
Interneuron Layer
Photoreceptor

134
Q

Explain the way and identify the term in which the lens changes shape to keep images focus?

A

The lens uses Accommodation. The Contraction and Relaxation of the ciliary muscles alter the shape of the lens (round for close object).

135
Q

Farsighted ness is know as ?

A

Hyperopia and the focal point falls behind the retina

136
Q

Nearsightedness is known as?

A

Myopia and the focal point falls in front of the retina

137
Q

The loss of lens accommodation with aging is known as?

A

Presbyopia

138
Q

The imperfect shaped cornea that generates 2 focal points is known as?

A

Astigmatism

139
Q

What are the properties of RODS in the eyes?

A

High Sensitivity to light ( 20:1)
More photopigment: captures more light
High Amp; capable of single photon detection
Low Temporal resolution: Slow response and long integration time
More sensitive to scatter light

140
Q

What are the properties of CONES in the eyes?

A 
Lower sens: day vision
Less photopigment 
Lower amplification
High Temporal integration: Fast response and short integration time
More sensitive to direct axial rays
141
Q

Explain the Rod System.

A

Low Acuity: not present in FOVEA

142
Q

In the ___ System in the eye, ________ is one type of rod pigment

A

Rod

Achromatic

143
Q

What photoreceptor system has HIGH acuity in the FOVEA?

A

Cone System

144
Q

Which system in the photoreceptors detect Chromatic?

A

Cone System

145
Q

What happens when light strikes the photopigment in the photoreceptors?

A

Phototransduction

146
Q

What type of photoreceptors do Rods contain?

A

Rhodopsin

147
Q

Are the 3 different photopigments in Cones similar to the Rods rhodopsin?

A

Yes

148
Q

What is connected to the neuron in the Vision system?

A

Rods and Cones

149
Q

The rods and cones in the vision system contain what inside them?

A

Disks

150
Q

In rods, the absorption of light changes the conformation of _______, which then alters the shape of _______.

A

Retinal

Opsin

151
Q

In the Retinal of the eyes, Light changes ___ isomers to ____?

A

Cis to Trans

152
Q

In the Retinal of the eyes, Enzymes changes ___ isomers to ____?

A

Trans to Cis

153
Q

In the Dark , what photoreceptors are inactive, and what enzyme levels are high?

A

Rhodospin

cGMP

154
Q

The “Dark Current” is known as what Channels being open in the dark?

A

the Na and K channels

155
Q

In the dark, where is the Membrane potential ?

A

40mV which means transmission is occurring

156
Q

In the light what causes the unbinding of Opsin ? What is the term for this?

A

The action of Retinal light absorption and its known as BLEACHING

157
Q

In light, what causes transducin?

A

Activated Opsin actives G protein.

158
Q

Activated transducin causes activation of?

A

phosphodiesterase

159
Q

What happens to the cells charge in the eyes when exposed to light?

A

Cell Hyperpolarize, (-70mV) Meaning transmission decreases.

160
Q

What is it called when Active Retinal is reduced to Inactive from in pigment epithelium? What does this cause?

A

Recovery of Phototransduction in Rods

Causes Inactive retinal to return to RODS and combines with Opsin.

161
Q

The hard particles of inorganic material in Sponges is known as?

A

Spicules

162
Q

What type of invertebrate contains ossicles (small bones) of calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate bound with protein?

A

Echinoderms (Sand Dollar. Sea cucumber, Starfish)

163
Q

In the endoskeleton, bones or cartilage often joined together by ligament or to muscle by tendons are known as?

A

Chordates

164
Q

The axial Skeleton consist of?

A

bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate

165
Q

Appendicular Skeleton consist of?

A

Every other bone than head and trunk bones

166
Q

Muscles are attached to bones in _______ pairs?

A

Antagonistic

167
Q

Contraction in muscles …?

A

Shortens muscle placing force between tendons

168
Q

What pulls the more moveable bone inward? What is the term for this?

A

Contraction

Insertion

169
Q

The less movable bone is known as?

A

Origin

170
Q

What are the types of skeletons?

A

Hydrostatic and Exoskeleton

171
Q

The type of skeleton that is held under pressure in a closed compartment and uses movement by changing shape of fluid-filled compartments with muscle/contractile cells is known as what?

A

Hydrostatic

Cnidarians, annelids, nematodes !

172
Q

Hard covering of body surface including shells or cuticles that attach underlying muscles is known as what?

A

Exoskeleton

173
Q

In the Exoskeleton, what attach to underlying muscles?

A

Cuticles

174
Q

In grasshoppers, what happens when the Tibia flexes?

A

Extensor muscles relax and Flexor muscle contracts

175
Q

In grasshoppers, what happens when the Tibia extends?

A

Extensor muscles contract and Flexor muscles relax

176
Q

Name the structures that the muscles contains.

A

Muscle, Bundle of Muscle Fibers, Single Muscle Fiber Cell, Nuclei, Plasma Membrane, Myofibril, Light Band, Dark band, Z line, and Sacromere

177
Q

What two filaments are inside the Sacromere?

A

Thick Filaments (Myosin) and Thin Filaments (Actin)

178
Q

What are the structures of the Myosin Molecule?

A

Myosin tail, Hinge Region, and Myosin Head

179
Q

What is long tailed, and globular headed has ATPase activity 250 ____ molecules in One thick Filament?

A

Myosin

180
Q

What are G-Actin?

A

Globular units form helical structure F-actin (filamentous)

181
Q

What are the rod shaped, and closely associated with Actin and AND. Which allow the myosin to bind?

A

Tropomyosin , which are in THIN filaments

182
Q

What structure in the Sacromere have 3-protein complex that associates w/ Tropomyosin to from a barrier to formation of cross-bridge between actin and myosin (@ rest)

A

Troponin

183
Q

Nocturnal animals have?

A

Tapetum (Reflective layer)

Biology 1620 (8 decks)

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