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Biology 1620 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The Spread of Action Potentials

A

The size (diameter) of an axon influences how fast the action potentials can spread. The speed is a rate.

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2
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

Largest Nerve in the Body

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3
Q

What size axons conduct FASTER signals?

A

Larger Axons

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4
Q

How fast can Action Potential’s be?

A

0.04 m/sec-100 m/sec

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5
Q

What produces the Myelin Sheets?

A

Schwann Cells & Oglio dendritic cells

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6
Q

Where can we generate Action Potentials?

A

There can only be Action Potentials in myelinated axons in specific sights

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7
Q

What is clustered in the Breaks of the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Ion channels are clustered : Sodium Channels, and Potasium Chnnels

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8
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction?

A

The jumping of Action Potential s

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9
Q

What is the speed of unmyelinated vertebrate axons?

A

-1 m/sec

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10
Q

What is the top speed of Myelinated Vertebrate acons ?

A

up to 120 m/sec

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11
Q

What diseases causes demyelination?

A

MS, immune system attacks Glial cells that make myelin

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12
Q

What is the Acute phase of MS?

A

The current decays because there is no myelin sheets, but the cluster of ions are still present.

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13
Q

What is the Chronic Phase of MS?

A

Ion channels are now being spread though out the axon. This causes information to move at a slower pace. (e.g. slower movement)

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14
Q

For a graded postsynaptic response, stimulus intensity is reflected in terms of the ______ of the change in membrane potential/

A

Amplitude , stronger stimuli produce a larger change in Vm than weaker stimuli.

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15
Q

What is Synaptic Transmission?

A

Cell to Cell communication in the nervous system. (Interneuron specialize in such transmission)

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16
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

How the information is passed from one cell to another

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17
Q

Electrical Synapses (Gap Junctions) are formed by what type of proteins?

A

Connexons, and they must be present in both cells.

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18
Q

What are the Benefits of Electrical Synapses (Gap Junctions)

A

-Very Fast, Very Reliable, and Limited Flexibility.

It is the fastest kind of way to connect cells. EX. Tail flips, the behavior of crustaceans like cray fish or lobsters.

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19
Q

What are the limitations of Electrical Synapses (Gap Junctions)

A

They are inflexible, the response can not be changed or modified.

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20
Q

What type of synapse are most common?

A

Chemical Synapses

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21
Q

What is the process of Chemical Synapses transferring action potentials?

A

Electrical to chemical and chemical to electrical.

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22
Q

What is the advantage of Chemical Synapses?

A

It sums up all the information and the decision making of sending the action potential further is simple. You also have 2 different kind of responses, Inhibitory and Excitatory.

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23
Q

How many cells can synapse to Purkinje cells?

A

100,000 Cells

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24
Q

What is the name of the synapse between nerve and muscle?

A

Nueromuscularjunction (NMJ)

25
Q

The first step of Chemical Synaptic Transductions?

A

Action potential travels down to the presynaptic terminal. OPENS VOLTAGE GATED Ca2 Channels.

26
Q

The second step of Chemical Synaptic Transductions?

A

The depolarization opens voltage -gated Ca2 channels. Ca2 enter the cell and is very positive (180 mV) (CALCIUM will always enter the cell)

27
Q

What is Calcium’s equilibrium potential ?

A

Very Positive, high concentration the outside relative to in.
Cells maintain calcium at very low levels inside the cells.

28
Q

What is the 3rd step of Chemical Synaptic Transductions?

A

The Influx of Ca2 leads to the fusion of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter with the presynaptic membrane.
Releases neurotransmitters from vesicles when fused.

29
Q

What is the 4th step of Chemical Synaptic Transductions?

A

The vesicles release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, where it diffuses toward the postsynaptic cell.

30
Q

What is the 5th step of Chemical Synaptic Transductions

A

The Neurotransmitter(ligand) binds to ligand-gated channel allows both Na and K to cross the membrane, depolarizing the cell.

31
Q

What is a non-specific monovalent Cation Channel

A

Non-Specific: Lets any biological ion that has 1 positive charge in it,

32
Q

What is the 6th step of Chemical Synaptic Transductions

A

The neurotransmitter diffuses away or is enzymatically degraded, ending the signal.

33
Q

What happens when action potential stops?

A

Signaling Stops.

34
Q

How does a cation-selective channel lead to cell depolarization?

A

Positive Charge going out and one coming in.

*Na and K are equally permeable and therefore the sum would b 0 millivolts.

35
Q

Does the cell care about charge and ions?

A

No

36
Q

What is Driving Force?

A

The power of Na overpowers Vm (-70) and therefore Na influx dominates K efflux. A lot more Sodium is going to come in then Potassium leave.

37
Q

What is the Driving Force formula for K and Na

A

|Vm-Ex|
For K–> 22mV
For Na–> 132mV

38
Q

What drives membrane potential (Vm) toward 0 mV( depolarization above threshold)

A

Opening a cation-selective ion channel from Rest causes Cell Activation.

39
Q

What are the two ways to look at making an Action Potential?

A

The Nernst Equation and Driving Force Equation.

40
Q

What is the Nernst Equation?

A

Adding up all the Sodium and Potassium from both sides and put into the equation.

41
Q

Define Direct Synaptic Transmission

A

The activation of Ligand Gated Channels by Neurotransmitters.
Direct; because the binding of the chemical to ion channel causes a change of conformation to open.

42
Q

What do postsynaptic effect?

A

Depolarization/hyperpolarization of membranes.

43
Q

What does Excitatory Do?

A

Depolarize

44
Q

What does Inhibitory Do?

A

Hyperpolarize

45
Q

What does the Purkinje Cell primarily deal in?

A

Inhibitory signals in movement.

46
Q

What do Na and Ca channels do to Selective Channel?

A

Moves the cell closer to threshold. (Excitatory)

47
Q

What does K and Cl channels do?

A

Move the cell further from threshold (Inhibitory)

48
Q

Where do Cation-Selective channels Rest?

A

at 0 mV

49
Q

What is Summation?

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP ) and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Post synaptic cell is summing up all the information that it is receiving.

50
Q

Explain Synaptic Integration

A

Temporal (TIME) and Spatial summation (SPACE)

51
Q

How is stimulus intensity coded as for Action Potential?

A

Frequency

52
Q

Explain Indirect Synaptic Transmission

A

Neurotransmitter that binds to and activates a receptor that is not directly coupled with an ion channel. (Activation of 2nd messenger pathways).

53
Q

What can the 2nd messenger do (Intracellular)?

A

Activate a ligand gated channel and other intermediates. Receptors, transporters, Ion channels. It took time to make the second messenger.

54
Q

Metabotropic Receptor is inline with?

A

G Protein Coupled Receptors (GCPR)

55
Q

How does LTP function?

A

The change of synapse function by repeated stimulation .

56
Q

How doe we generate a larger postsynaptic response?

A
  1. Presynaptic terminal releases glutamate
  2. Glutamate binds to two types of Ligand Gated Channels (AMPA & NMDA) (Both are Cation)
  3. Ca influx through NMDA receptors
57
Q

AMPA activates ?

A

Cation-selective channel (Na, K)

58
Q

NMDA activates?

A

Cation Selective Channel.Permeable to Na, K, & Ca. Ca adds phosphorylation, which makes receptor work better.

  1. Increases responsiveness of AMPA receptors
  2. Increase # of AMPA receptors available
  3. Leads to retrograde release of nitric oxide, a gaseous neurotransmitter, that enhances presynaptic release of glutamate.

Biology 1620 (8 decks)

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