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Biology 1620 > Biology Final > Flashcards

Biology Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is true concerning positive feedback pathways?

A

When present, they must have a mechanism for self-termination

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2
Q

What factors determine the direction of movement of ions across a biological membrane?

A

Both membrane potential and concentration gradient

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3
Q

The detection of pitch (frequency of sound) is generally most dependent upon the physical properties of what specific structure?

A

Basilar membrane

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4
Q

What Antibody-secreting cells that release antibodies during an active infection.

A

Plasma Cells

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5
Q

A fish living in freshwater tends to:

A

Drink little; urinate a lot

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6
Q

What is considered the “functional unit” of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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7
Q

Opening what channels would depolarize the cell?

A

Cl- and Na+ channels

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8
Q

A well-trained athlete has a resting heart rate of only 60 beats/minutes, a stroke volume of 100 mL and respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute. What is this person’s cardiac output?

A

6000 mL

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9
Q

Myosin heads bind to _______, which they then pull and cause sliding towards the center of the sarcomere.

A

Thin filaments

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10
Q

An osmoconformer must live in which of the following environments?

A

Sea water

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11
Q

The pancreas plays a major role in the maintenance of blood glucose levels by releasing hormones that alter circulating glucose levels. After a meal, the pancreas releases __________ and this leads to a(n) ___________ in circulating glucose concentration.

A

Insulin; decrease

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12
Q

T/F : In a cell that generates action potentials, a strong stimulus will produce a higher frequency of action potentials than weaker ones.

A

True

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13
Q

In children suffering from Kwashiorkor, the major deficiency they suffer is in:

A

Protein

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14
Q

To generate greater tension in a whole muscle requires the stimulation of additional muscle fibers to contract. This process is called

A

Recruitment

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15
Q

The oxygen concentration found in the alveoli is lower than in the outside air. The cause of this is:

A

Mixing of old air and new air in the lungs.

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16
Q

In a mammal after the filtrate leaves the distal tubules of the nephron, where does it go next?

A

Collecting duct

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17
Q

What differentiates T cells from B cells?

A

T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens.

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18
Q

T/F : To mount an effective primary acquired immune response after the first exposure to an antigen may take as long as 1-2 weeks

A

True

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19
Q

Which event represents the physiological basis for the THRESHOLD?

A

Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

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20
Q

In phototransduction, what is responsible for the dark current?

A

Na+ ions moving in through gh cGMP-gated channels

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21
Q

The disease of Multiple Sclerosis as discussed in lecture interrupts nervous system signaling because the immune system attacks

A

Myelin sheath

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22
Q

T/F : Constriction of the precapillary sphincters would cause the majority of blood to bypass the capillaries and enter the metarteriole

A

True

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23
Q

After leaving the right ventricle, where does blood flow next?

A

Pulmonary artery

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24
Q

T/F : Photoreceptors respond to light by HYPERPOLARIZING and releasing LESS neurotransmitter.

A

True

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25
Q

Some nutrients are considered “essential” in the diets of certain animals because

A

They cannot be manufactured by the organism

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26
Q

Which of the following specializations of the duodenum directly aid in enhancing nutrient absorption?

A

Microvilli on the epithelial cells

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27
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the action of vasopressin?

A

Vasopressin acts on the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption from the filtrate.

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28
Q

Why might it be a bad idea to take aspirin to reduce a moderate fever?

A

B and T cells are more active at high temperature

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29
Q

What is the primary role of the colon in nutrients processing and digestion?

A

Reabsorb water as needed.

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30
Q

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize what?

A

Diffusion

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31
Q

What is not a characteristic of Neanderthals?

A

Brain size of about 900 cc

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32
Q

What type of learning is taken to represent a form of animal cognition?

A

Imprinting of goslings

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33
Q

Was Lucy Bipedal?

A

NO! Facilitated Bipedalsim

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34
Q

Intersexual selection in nature most commonly occurs as:

A

Female choice

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35
Q

Humans are:

A

Catarines, Primates, Haplorines, Antropodia, and Hominoids, Hominins

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36
Q

What appears to be the biggest cause of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction?

A

Vulcanism

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37
Q

The closest relative(s) of the tuna is (are):

A

It’s a tie between the salamander, turtle, and leopard.

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38
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

A

Speciation requires major genetic changes

39
Q

Which statement best characterizes the fossil record?

A

Virtually every species that has ever existed on Earth is extinct.

40
Q

Moon rocks, chondritic meteors, and lead-isotope ratios all indicate that the age of our solar system is about:

A

4.6 billion years

41
Q

Which of these is not an anthropoid?

A

Tarsier

42
Q

enomic data indicate that the lineage that led to modern chimpanzees diverged from the lineage that led to modern humans about

A

7 million years ago

43
Q

Which organism is an example of human-caused extinction of a widespread abundant species?

A

Passenger pigeon

44
Q

T/F : With every cell division, the probability that a mutation occurs somewhere in the Drosophila genome is about 10^-7 to 10^-9

A

False

45
Q

When it hears the squeaking of a patio door, a cat rushes to the spot where it usually receives food. This is most likely an example of:

A

Classical conditioning

46
Q

Which of the following is not a necessary condition for evolution by natural selection?

A

Non-random mating

47
Q

Genetic drift is best described as

A

Changes in allele frequencies due to sampling error

48
Q

Kin selection helps to explain

A

Why female ground squirrels make more alarm calls than males

49
Q

Kin selection helps to explain

A

Why female ground squirrels make more alarm calls than males`

50
Q

Two populations of similar-looking organisms will be considered different biological specifies if:

A

They are reproductively isolated from each other

An age-structure pyramid

51
Q

An age-structure pyramid that is wide at the bottom indicates that

A

The population is growing rapidly

52
Q

T/F : In the evolution of the tetrapod limb, the stylopod element evolved before the autopod element.

A

True

53
Q

A gene in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium consists of two alleles, A and a, and the frequency of the A allele is 0.6. What percentage of the population will be heterozygotes?

A

0.48

54
Q

Aposematic coloration is meant to

A

Advertise a distasteful or dangerous prey

55
Q

What transcription-factor gene is thought to play a role in language development in humans?

A

FOXP2

56
Q

Place the following organisms or events in the correct chronological order from oldest to youngest (recall what each term represents)

A

Tiktaalik, Morganucodon, the K-T mass extinction, Basilosarurus, Australopithecus Afarensis

57
Q

What Hormone makes humans more aggressive?

A

Monamine Oxidase

58
Q

A gene in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has only two alleles, A and a, and one is four times more common than the other. What is the total expected percentage of the population that will be homozygotes (AA plus aa)?

A

Answer on TEST 32

59
Q

One feature that distinguishes imprinting from other forms of learning is that

A

It occurs during a critical period

60
Q

If the per capita rate of r, equals one, then the population is

A

Growing

61
Q

The production of different-sized gametes between the sexes is called

A

Anisogamy

62
Q

Pleiotropy occurs when

A

One gene simultaneously affects multiple traits

63
Q

T/F: Melatonin is the hormone responsible for the seasonal timing of singing in the male zebra finch

A

True

64
Q

T/F: About half of all mammal species show pair-bonding and paternal care

A

False

65
Q

T/F: Modern Europeans and Asians show about 15-20% introgression of nuclear DNA from Neanderthals.

A

False

66
Q

In the example discussed in class, natural enemies caused what kind of selection on gall size in gall-making flies?

A

Stabilizing selection

67
Q

What happens when a mouse lacks leptin

A

It eats a lot and gets fat

68
Q

The loss of responsiveness to a repetitive stimulus that is neither beneficial nor harmful is called

A

Habituation

69
Q

Which pair does not represent homoplasy?

A

The arrangement of bones in the arm of a human and the fore-wing of a bat.

70
Q

T/F: Orangutans are more closely related to gibbons than they are to humans.

A

False

71
Q

Which of the following is true?
Sexual size dimorphism is greater in chimps than in gorillas.
Chimpanzees are strict vegetarians.
None of these answers is true
Humans differ from other hominoids by lacking a post-anal tail
Chimpanzees differ from Homo Sapiens because they do not use tools

A

None of these answers is true

72
Q

Which factor is considered to have the biggest impact on current extinction rates?

A

Habitat loss

73
Q 
Which character in the following tree is not phylogenetically informative? 
Amniotic eggs
Hair
Vertebral column
All of these are informative
Four walking legs
A

Hair

74
Q

Why does a Koala have a large colon

A

Because it has to break down Bamboo

75
Q

A single allelic substitution at the vasopressin-receptor gene in meadow voles affected which behavior?

A

Pair bonding

76
Q

T/F: Human half-siblings have a relatedness coefficient of 0.125

A

Flase

77
Q

Ochre engravings, beads, and awls have been found in the Blombos Cave, South Africa, as far back as

A

80,000 years ago

78
Q

Fossils are most often found in

A

Sedimentary rocks

79
Q

Genomic data from both modern and fossil Native Americans indicate that migration of anatomically modern humans into the Americas occurred

A

About 20,000 years ago

80
Q

Honeybee behavior that communicates the direction of a new food source is called

A

The waggle dance

81
Q

Where would you not find a Semi lunar Valve

A

In between Ventricles

82
Q

T/F: In theory, heritability can only range from zero to one

A

True

83
Q

Which of these statements is true?

A

Gene flow is a violation of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions

84
Q

Which of the following is not evidence of an asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous?

A

A crater dated to be about 150 million years old

85
Q

What is the type of allopatric speciation in which gene-flow barriers arise without dispersal?

A

Vicariant speciation

86
Q

Chickadees in England learned by trial-and error that pecking through the paper tops of milk bottles allowed them to drink the cream at the top. This behavior is best described as:

A

Operation conditioning

87
Q

What causes filtrate to leave the Glomerous into the Bowmans Capsule

A

Blood Pressure

88
Q

What do the Semi-Lunar valves do?

A

Equilibrium

89
Q

Osmoconformer

A

Marine Animals

90
Q

Osmoregulator

A

Fresh Water and Hoomans

91
Q

Osmoregulator

A

Fresh Water and Hoomans

92
Q

Intersexual selection in nature most commonly occurs a

A

non-random female choice

93
Q

Graph

A

Under-genetic Variation

Biology 1620 (8 decks)

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