Biology Final Flashcards
Which of the following is true concerning positive feedback pathways?
When present, they must have a mechanism for self-termination
What factors determine the direction of movement of ions across a biological membrane?
Both membrane potential and concentration gradient
The detection of pitch (frequency of sound) is generally most dependent upon the physical properties of what specific structure?
Basilar membrane
What Antibody-secreting cells that release antibodies during an active infection.
Plasma Cells
A fish living in freshwater tends to:
Drink little; urinate a lot
What is considered the “functional unit” of the kidney?
Nephron
Opening what channels would depolarize the cell?
Cl- and Na+ channels
A well-trained athlete has a resting heart rate of only 60 beats/minutes, a stroke volume of 100 mL and respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute. What is this person’s cardiac output?
6000 mL
Myosin heads bind to _______, which they then pull and cause sliding towards the center of the sarcomere.
Thin filaments
An osmoconformer must live in which of the following environments?
Sea water
The pancreas plays a major role in the maintenance of blood glucose levels by releasing hormones that alter circulating glucose levels. After a meal, the pancreas releases __________ and this leads to a(n) ___________ in circulating glucose concentration.
Insulin; decrease
T/F : In a cell that generates action potentials, a strong stimulus will produce a higher frequency of action potentials than weaker ones.
True
In children suffering from Kwashiorkor, the major deficiency they suffer is in:
Protein
To generate greater tension in a whole muscle requires the stimulation of additional muscle fibers to contract. This process is called
Recruitment
The oxygen concentration found in the alveoli is lower than in the outside air. The cause of this is:
Mixing of old air and new air in the lungs.
In a mammal after the filtrate leaves the distal tubules of the nephron, where does it go next?
Collecting duct
What differentiates T cells from B cells?
T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens.
T/F : To mount an effective primary acquired immune response after the first exposure to an antigen may take as long as 1-2 weeks
True
Which event represents the physiological basis for the THRESHOLD?
Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels
In phototransduction, what is responsible for the dark current?
Na+ ions moving in through gh cGMP-gated channels
The disease of Multiple Sclerosis as discussed in lecture interrupts nervous system signaling because the immune system attacks
Myelin sheath
T/F : Constriction of the precapillary sphincters would cause the majority of blood to bypass the capillaries and enter the metarteriole
True
After leaving the right ventricle, where does blood flow next?
Pulmonary artery
T/F : Photoreceptors respond to light by HYPERPOLARIZING and releasing LESS neurotransmitter.
True
Some nutrients are considered “essential” in the diets of certain animals because
They cannot be manufactured by the organism
Which of the following specializations of the duodenum directly aid in enhancing nutrient absorption?
Microvilli on the epithelial cells
Which of the following statements is true about the action of vasopressin?
Vasopressin acts on the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption from the filtrate.
Why might it be a bad idea to take aspirin to reduce a moderate fever?
B and T cells are more active at high temperature
What is the primary role of the colon in nutrients processing and digestion?
Reabsorb water as needed.
Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize what?
Diffusion
What is not a characteristic of Neanderthals?
Brain size of about 900 cc
What type of learning is taken to represent a form of animal cognition?
Imprinting of goslings
Was Lucy Bipedal?
NO! Facilitated Bipedalsim
Intersexual selection in nature most commonly occurs as:
Female choice
Humans are:
Catarines, Primates, Haplorines, Antropodia, and Hominoids, Hominins
What appears to be the biggest cause of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction?
Vulcanism
The closest relative(s) of the tuna is (are):
It’s a tie between the salamander, turtle, and leopard.
Which of the following statements is false?
Speciation requires major genetic changes
Which statement best characterizes the fossil record?
Virtually every species that has ever existed on Earth is extinct.
Moon rocks, chondritic meteors, and lead-isotope ratios all indicate that the age of our solar system is about:
4.6 billion years
Which of these is not an anthropoid?
Tarsier
enomic data indicate that the lineage that led to modern chimpanzees diverged from the lineage that led to modern humans about
7 million years ago
Which organism is an example of human-caused extinction of a widespread abundant species?
Passenger pigeon
T/F : With every cell division, the probability that a mutation occurs somewhere in the Drosophila genome is about 10^-7 to 10^-9
False
When it hears the squeaking of a patio door, a cat rushes to the spot where it usually receives food. This is most likely an example of:
Classical conditioning
Which of the following is not a necessary condition for evolution by natural selection?
Non-random mating
Genetic drift is best described as
Changes in allele frequencies due to sampling error
Kin selection helps to explain
Why female ground squirrels make more alarm calls than males
Kin selection helps to explain
Why female ground squirrels make more alarm calls than males`
Two populations of similar-looking organisms will be considered different biological specifies if:
They are reproductively isolated from each other
An age-structure pyramid
An age-structure pyramid that is wide at the bottom indicates that
The population is growing rapidly
T/F : In the evolution of the tetrapod limb, the stylopod element evolved before the autopod element.
True
A gene in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium consists of two alleles, A and a, and the frequency of the A allele is 0.6. What percentage of the population will be heterozygotes?
0.48
Aposematic coloration is meant to
Advertise a distasteful or dangerous prey
What transcription-factor gene is thought to play a role in language development in humans?
FOXP2
Place the following organisms or events in the correct chronological order from oldest to youngest (recall what each term represents)
Tiktaalik, Morganucodon, the K-T mass extinction, Basilosarurus, Australopithecus Afarensis
What Hormone makes humans more aggressive?
Monamine Oxidase
A gene in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has only two alleles, A and a, and one is four times more common than the other. What is the total expected percentage of the population that will be homozygotes (AA plus aa)?
Answer on TEST 32
One feature that distinguishes imprinting from other forms of learning is that
It occurs during a critical period
If the per capita rate of r, equals one, then the population is
Growing
The production of different-sized gametes between the sexes is called
Anisogamy
Pleiotropy occurs when
One gene simultaneously affects multiple traits
T/F: Melatonin is the hormone responsible for the seasonal timing of singing in the male zebra finch
True
T/F: About half of all mammal species show pair-bonding and paternal care
False
T/F: Modern Europeans and Asians show about 15-20% introgression of nuclear DNA from Neanderthals.
False
In the example discussed in class, natural enemies caused what kind of selection on gall size in gall-making flies?
Stabilizing selection
What happens when a mouse lacks leptin
It eats a lot and gets fat
The loss of responsiveness to a repetitive stimulus that is neither beneficial nor harmful is called
Habituation
Which pair does not represent homoplasy?
The arrangement of bones in the arm of a human and the fore-wing of a bat.
T/F: Orangutans are more closely related to gibbons than they are to humans.
False
Which of the following is true?
Sexual size dimorphism is greater in chimps than in gorillas.
Chimpanzees are strict vegetarians.
None of these answers is true
Humans differ from other hominoids by lacking a post-anal tail
Chimpanzees differ from Homo Sapiens because they do not use tools
None of these answers is true
Which factor is considered to have the biggest impact on current extinction rates?
Habitat loss
Which character in the following tree is not phylogenetically informative? Amniotic eggs Hair Vertebral column All of these are informative Four walking legs
Hair
Why does a Koala have a large colon
Because it has to break down Bamboo
A single allelic substitution at the vasopressin-receptor gene in meadow voles affected which behavior?
Pair bonding
T/F: Human half-siblings have a relatedness coefficient of 0.125
Flase
Ochre engravings, beads, and awls have been found in the Blombos Cave, South Africa, as far back as
80,000 years ago
Fossils are most often found in
Sedimentary rocks
Genomic data from both modern and fossil Native Americans indicate that migration of anatomically modern humans into the Americas occurred
About 20,000 years ago
Honeybee behavior that communicates the direction of a new food source is called
The waggle dance
Where would you not find a Semi lunar Valve
In between Ventricles
T/F: In theory, heritability can only range from zero to one
True
Which of these statements is true?
Gene flow is a violation of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions
Which of the following is not evidence of an asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous?
A crater dated to be about 150 million years old
What is the type of allopatric speciation in which gene-flow barriers arise without dispersal?
Vicariant speciation
Chickadees in England learned by trial-and error that pecking through the paper tops of milk bottles allowed them to drink the cream at the top. This behavior is best described as:
Operation conditioning
What causes filtrate to leave the Glomerous into the Bowmans Capsule
Blood Pressure
What do the Semi-Lunar valves do?
Equilibrium
Osmoconformer
Marine Animals
Osmoregulator
Fresh Water and Hoomans
Osmoregulator
Fresh Water and Hoomans
Intersexual selection in nature most commonly occurs a
non-random female choice
Graph
Under-genetic Variation
