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Biology 1620 > Human Evolutoin > Flashcards

Human Evolutoin Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does human evolution begin at?

A

Primates with a mammal order of about 250 spp. out of 4500 mammal species

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2
Q

What are some Characteristics of Primates

A

Stereoscopic color vision, Boney orbits (protects eyes, and great deep perception((vine jump))
Large brain relative to body size

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3
Q

Primates are largely tree-dwelling (______) and _____

A

Arboreal, Tropical

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4
Q

The more your eyes are together, the ____ peripheral vision.

A

Less

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5
Q

Primates have free ______ at the shoulder and half _____ at the elbow.

A

Rotation

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6
Q

What are the hand characteristics of opposable thumbs?

A

Flat nails, no claws, sensitive fingers and opposable thumbs

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7
Q

What primates have we noses and which have dry noses?

A

Stepsirhines have wet noses (lorses, galagos, lemurs

Haplorhines have dry noses

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8
Q

Anthropoidea (Semiiformers) are categorized into what?

A

Platyrhines and Cararrhines

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9
Q

Platyrhines are known as ?

A

New-world monkeys

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10
Q

Catarrhines are known as

A

Cercopithecoids and Hominoids

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11
Q

Cerocopithecoids are known as ?

A

Old-World Monkeys

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12
Q

Hominoids are known as?

A

Apes (including humans)

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13
Q

The spider monkey is a ?

A

Platyrhine (New world Monkey)

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of Catarrhines?

A

No prehensile tail, 2 premolars, narrow nasal septum .

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15
Q

How many premolars do Platyrhines have?

A

3

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16
Q

What do cararrhines use to help locate fruit?

A

Trichromatic color(3 retinal pigments or OPSIN)

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17
Q

What are the 3 areas of the catarrhines mouth?

A

Canine, Molars premolar, incisors

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18
Q

What is the catarrhines dental formula?

A

2.1.2.3

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19
Q

The Hamadryas _______ are largely ground dwelling and highly ______. They are also labeled as _________ old-world monkeys

A

Baboon, Social, Catarrhines

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20
Q

The sexually selected nose monkey is known as a?

A

Proboscis Monkey (Catarrhine)

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21
Q

What is brachiation and who is it found in?

A

A posture that is more erect than in monkey ,

Hominoids

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of Hominoids?

A

Arms and shoulders more flexible, spine stiffer; scapula more dorsal so arms can extend laterally.

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23
Q

What causes a loss of a tail in Homoinods?

A

Larger pelvis.

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24
Q

Do hominoids jump through trees (branch to branch)?

A

NO

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25
Q

Label some hominoids

A

Gibbons, Orang, Gorilla, 2 Species of Chimps, and HUMANS

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26
Q

In what hominoid are arms larger then legs?

A

Gibbons

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27
Q

Explain some characteristics of Hominoid Orangutan:

A

Old Man of the Woods, Fruit eaters, not social only occasionally on forest floor, and population difference in culture. (Sumatran, clear face) (Bornean, lumps on side of face)

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28
Q

What describes branch to branch movement in hominoids?

A

Habitual Brachiation

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29
Q

Explain some characteristic of the Catarrhine Hominoid Gorilla

A

Dominated by male silverbacks, a male-male competition (polygyny)
Males are about twice as big as females

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30
Q

What two catagories are there of Chimps?

A

Bonobo (DARKER) and Chimpanzee

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31
Q

What are some characteristics of Chimps?

A

Extended child care, prolonged adolescence, puberty at 8-10yrs.

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32
Q

Where do most chimps spend their time/activity?

A

They sleep on trees, but often on ground, because they are known as knuckle-walker.

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33
Q

What to chimps eat?

A

Omnivores

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34
Q

What hominoid, except humans, use stones to crack nuts?

A

Chimps (extensive tool use)

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35
Q

What is the order of Hominoids starting from old world monkeys?

A

Old world Monkeys, gibbon , Orang, Gorilla, Chimp, Humans

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36
Q

What is the order of Ancestral Primates to Old-World Monkeys?

A

Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies, New World Monkeys, and Old World Monkeys

37
Q

What do we rely on for the evolution in the lineage of H. Sapiens?

A

Fossil records

38
Q

Where do the fossil records come from ( years)

A

From about 6 mil yrs ago to 100,00 years ago (AMH, anatomically humans)

39
Q

Where were fossils for H. Sapiens mostly found (area)

A

Rift Valley of Africa

40
Q

Where does the Human Branch come off the Chimps?

A

Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4-5.0 mya)

41
Q

What are some characteristic of Ardipithecus Ramidus ?

A

Faculatively bipedal, good tree-climber, grasping big toe, woodland omnivore, forested habitat, REDUCED CANNINES, and brain about 300-350 cm^3 (4.5 mya)

42
Q

Were A.Ramidus more like apes or Humans?

A

Apes

43
Q

Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus Afarensis, and Australopithecus Africanus & Garhi were all what?

A

Partially Bipedal

44
Q

A. Afarensis were also know as?

A

Lucy (3 mya)

45
Q

Lucy showed what unique characteristics?

A

a Vertebrate column, the big toe in line, and a heel strike

46
Q

The Laetoli tracks refer to what and what hominoid?

A

The lack of a splayed big toes (all toes parallel to axis of foot)

47
Q

A. Afarensis showed what unique characteristics?

A

4 feet tall (100-160 cm; sexually dimorphic?)

Projecting JAW, Muscle Jaw

48
Q

Which hominoid contained the first curved phalanges?

A

A. Afarensis

49
Q

What was the brain size ratio for A. Afarensis ?

A

The brain size ration was much closer to chimps than humans

50
Q

What is autogeny ?

A

The comparison of young to adult

51
Q

Do we have autogeny for A. Afarensis/

A

Yes

52
Q

What humanoids excited together?

A

Australopithecus Sediba , Paranthropus Robustus/ boisei/ aethiopicus
Homo Habilis, and Ergaster (erectus)

53
Q

What humanoids excited together?

A

AustralopitheCUS Sediba , Paranthropus Robustus/ boisei/ aethiopicus
Homo Habilis, and Ergaster (erectus)

54
Q

Which hominoid showed a sagittal crest ?

A

Robust AustralopitheCINES

55
Q

Paranthropus robustus/ boisei/ aethiopicus are all part of a what?

A

Side branch (PARA = attached to side)

56
Q

What are some unique paranthropus characteristics?

A

Sagittal crests, Massive JAW muscles & TEETH

Small Brains

57
Q

What hominoid was only found as a kid?

A

A. Africanus

58
Q

The Taung Child was how old and hominoid?

A

2-3 years old and A. Africanus

59
Q

What was the first hominoid to show a bigger brain size and what was the volume in cc’s.

A

A. Africanus, 490cc

60
Q

What is a forward foramen magnum, and what hominoid was it found in?

A

It made room for a bigger brain, and A. Africanus

61
Q

The Australopithecus Garhi was a _____ candidate. It was found in ______ and most likely a descendent of_____?

A

Week, Africa, A. Afarensis

62
Q

What skeleton indicates candidate for the ancestor to homo but is a week candidate?

A

A. Garhi (Post-cranial Skeleton)

63
Q

What hominoid shares the most derived features with early HOMO species than other australopithecines?

A

A. Sediba

64
Q

The A. Sediba is mostly a descendent of what other Australopithecus

A

A. Africanus

65
Q

Was the homo habilis fully bipedal?

A

NO

66
Q

The homo habilis was also know as ?

A

ardipithecus

67
Q

Name all the HOMO’s from order.

A

Homo Habilis, H.ergaster, H.erectus, H. neanderthalensis , H. sapiens

68
Q

Homo Naledi described what time of the HOMO speices and are its remains yet known?

A

Early, NO

69
Q

The brain-to-body size ratio increased in what Hominoid and what are its cc?

A

Homo

Habilis 650-800, Erectus 900-1200, Sapiens 1200-1400.

70
Q

What activity made objects increasingly sophisticated over time?

A

Making tools out of stones.

71
Q

What are the tool categories and their proper species utilization?

A 
Oldwan (Habilis) made of own bones
Acheulean (Erectus)
(Middle stone age- Middle Paleolithic) 
Mousterian (Neanderthalensis) (Late stone age- Upper Paleolithic) 
Aurignacian (Sapiens)
72
Q

What are the tools used by homos categorization called?

A

Paleolithic tools

73
Q

The turkana boy was 10-12 years old and fully ______. He was cataogerized as Early African _____ or _____.

A

Bipedal, H. erectus, H ergaster.

74
Q

What was the cranial capacity of Turkana boy, and what he a modern human or ape?

A

900cc and Neither

75
Q

What was the first species out of Africa?

A

H. Georgicus (or H. erectus) In republic of gerogia (1.7 mya)

76
Q

What two examples are no anatomically modern?

A

Turkana boy and H. Georgicus

77
Q

Java man and Beijing man were both _____ and found in _____ and _____.

A

H. Erectus

Indonesia and China

78
Q

Which hominoid had a cranial volt for Cortex?

A

Neanderthals

79
Q

Neanderthals were found from about ______ to about ____ in _____ and _____ ___

A

400,000 -40,00 years ago, Europe and Western Asia

80
Q

What are some unique characteristics of Neanderthals?

A

Prominent browridge, bulbous nose, sloping forehead, stock body build

81
Q

The fleshed out version of the Neanderthal is based on skull from ____.

A

Iraq

82
Q

What are two distinctions between H. Neanderthalensis and H. Sapiens?

A

Occipital Bun and bigger Jaw Lines in Neanderthals

83
Q

H. Sapiens have _____ retraction below the brain case. They also have neurocranial globularity meanin?

A

Facial, Rounded Skulls

84
Q

H. Sapiens had this instead of Occipital Bun

A

Paramorphic Brain

85
Q

What are the two Hypothesis of H. Sapiens in modern form?

A

Multiregional Model and Replacement (Out-of-Africa) model

86
Q

What does the Multiregional Model entail?

A

H. Sapiens or Erectus disperse throughout the Old World and evolved together to modern form with abundant GENE flow.

87
Q

What does the Replacement model entail?

A

A single group evolved into modern form from Africa and the only relatively recently dispersed from Africa and replace all Archaic (current models) forms, including Neanderthals

88
Q

In the Replacement Model, where were Neanderthals replaced?

A

Asia & Europe.

89
Q

What is the current consensus for emergence of H. Sapiens in modern form?

A

The LEAKY Replacement Model: Not a strict replacement model.

Biology 1620 (8 decks)

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