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Biology 1620 > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the study of interaction between organism and their environment (all components) ?

A

Ecology (Environmental Scientist, Behaviorist, and Water Chemist).

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2
Q

Name some abiotic components:

A

Light, water, wind, nutrients, pH, etc.

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3
Q

Name some biotic components:

A

Other organisms as competitors, predators, parasites, prey, hosts, and mutualists

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4
Q

Ecology seeks to explain the ________ and _______ of organisms.

A

Distribution

Abundances

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5
Q

Why did Cattle egrets migrate form Africa?

A

Natural Expansion

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6
Q

What are the different levels of ecological studies? (6)

A

Organismal Ecology (Behavior), Population Ecology (Single Species @ a population level), Community ecology (Multiple Species interactions), Ecosystem Ecology, Landscape and Global Ecology (Environmental Species), and Biodiversity (Species going extinct)

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7
Q

The 3 ways to describe a population?

A

Growing, Shrinking, or staying the same.

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8
Q

Insect population tend to ?

A

Fluctuate

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9
Q

Density and Dispersion are other forms of describing ______?

A

Population

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10
Q

Dispersion in a population is categorized by ? (3)

A

Clumped (Fish) , Uniform (Territory| Penguin), and Random (Grass patches)
Dispersion tell how an individual is distributed in space.

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11
Q

Vital Statistic are used to understand what in a population? (Demography)

A

Why its growing or not.

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12
Q

What are the 4 vital Statistics?

A

Age Structure (No. of individuals at each age), Birth Rates (Average number of births through age classes), Death Rates (deaths/ person at each age), and Generation time (average time between the birth of a female and the birth of her offspring)

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13
Q

Generation Time in a vital statistic is effected by what?

A

Average time between the birth of a female and birth of her offspring.

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14
Q

In demography,____ ______ account for births and deaths to get _________

A

Life Tables, Generations

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15
Q

Life tables calculate ?

A

Life expectancies, and rate of increase (Insurance rates)

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16
Q

A cohort is used to?

A

Make a lifetable and to follow individuals born at the same time until deaths.

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17
Q

4 centuries ago, ___ _____, created one of the first Life Tables

A

John Graunt

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18
Q

In J. Graunts life table, how many individuals had died?

A

60% by age 16

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19
Q

In a life table Proportion, (lx) is what?

A

No. Alive

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20
Q

In a life table, Mx represents?

A

Offspring of female

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21
Q

The net replacement rate= the sum of (__) times (__) for each age class, :

A

lx, Mx

22
Q

If the net replacement rate for each age classes equals 1 then,

A

The population is stable, neither growing or shrinking

23
Q

If the net replacement rate for each age classes equals <1 then the population is?

A

Shrinking

24
Q

In some species we can calculate R0 for different Phenotypes (or genotypes) to measure?

A

Fitness

25
Q

What data can be used for survivorship curves/

A

Life table datas

26
Q

In the graph for Survivorship curves , the log scale (y-axis) is ?

A

Per Capital

27
Q

In type II survivorship curves, 50% of all ages have the ____probability of _____. This looks like a downward slope only if the Number of survivors are ______ and age is changed to _______ ___ ____

A

Same, dying

Log Scale, Percentage of Maximum life span.

28
Q

What are the three types of Survivorship Curves and their meanings?

A

Type I: Little juvenile mortality, and most likely parental care in animals.
Type II: Age independent morality
Type III: Mortality is high in juvenile age.

29
Q

The traits that affect a populations schedule of births & deaths are called ? and what do they have a strong effect on?

A

Life-history traits, Fitness

30
Q

Life-History traits account for ______?

A

Population Vital Statistics:
Life-Span,
Age of first reproduction, Clutch or litter size, Number of reproductive bouts

31
Q

What are the two reproduction variations and what do they mean?

A

Semelplarity: Have sex once, then die. (This is favored) SALMON, CENTURY PLANT
Iteroparity: Repeated reproduction. OAK TREES, HUMANS

32
Q

In iteroparity, what are the negative effects?

A

Raising too many off spring

33
Q

Current reproduction and Survival or Future reproduction are known as what?

A

Trade offs

34
Q

What is the trade off of Spring and Summer ______?

A

Spring do not have predators to worry about and therefore gain the ability to lay many eggs, but Summer respond by having a sharp head and tail spin for defense against predators.

35
Q

How can we retrieve population size at any given time?

A

By modeling a populations capacity to grow. Exponential Model

36
Q

How do we keep the Exponential Model a set limit?

A

By inserting the Logistic Growth Model (K-N)/K

37
Q

In the logistic growth model, K is presented as what?

A

Carrying Capacity or Maximum population size that can be supported by available resources

38
Q

In the logistic growth model, N can not surpass what variable?

A

K

39
Q

If in logistic growth, N exceeds K, then what happens to the graph?

A

It becomes negative

40
Q

What bounds/regulates population? (5)

A 
Density-dependent factors (Mortality Factors):
Food &amp; Water resources
Predation
Vector-Transmitted disease 
Territorial Behavior
Toxic Wastes
41
Q

Explain Positively density factors

A

When population gets higher the more deaths meaning its keeps population at a higher level (Mortality goes up)
and when population is lower, the mortality goes down.

42
Q

What does it mean when the line in a Density-dependent factor graph goes above the upper bound?

A

The mortality rate is low, but the population is high

43
Q

Hoe many humans are there on the earth right now?

A

Roughly 8 mil

44
Q

What shows exponential growth?

A

Doubling times

45
Q

Are we slowing down or increasing population as a human species/

A

Slowing down

46
Q

How is exponential growth fueled?

A

Drop in death rates

47
Q

Drop in death rates in human is due to what?

A

Better nutrition, medical care, lowered infant mortality leading to more newborns that can have their own offspring

48
Q

Are birth rates now starting to drop ?

A

Yes

49
Q

Growth rates are seen in _ year intervals.

A

5

50
Q

Why do we not know the earths carrying capacity?

A

Because K changes with agriculture efficiency, food habits, efficiency of space use… etc.

51
Q

When do projections show the human population leveling off?

A

50 years

Biology 1620 (8 decks)

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