Sensorimotor disorders

Question 1

bottom up movement

Answer 1

externally generated movement; elicited by external stimuli. i.e. reflexes; superior, inferior colliculi

Question 2

top down movement

Answer 2

internally generated movement; making a decision and controlling it

Question 3

spinal cord motor circuits

Answer 3

controls reflexes

Question 4

brain stem motor nuclei

Answer 4

controls cranial nerves

Question 5

secondary motor cortex

Answer 5

intentions and decision

Question 6

association cortex

Answer 6

planning and developing motor plans

Question 7

motor equivalence

Answer 7

we can do the same movement with different parts of our body (overlap in brain activity, esp. secondary motor cortex is same)

Question 8

response chunking

Answer 8

with practice, different steps/aspects of an action become one sensorimotor program

Question 9

shifting to lower levels

Answer 9

prefrontal cortex involved in learning a new task; with practice, we need less “brain” i.e. association cortex doesn’t need to be involved

Question 10

posterior parietal cortex

Answer 10

part of association cortex. key region for guiding attention and proprioception.

Question 11

stimulation of posterior parietal cortex

Answer 11

person gets the feeling they’re about to perform an action, intention building up.

Question 12

damage to posterior parietal cortex

Answer 12

apraxia & contralateral neglect

Question 13

apraxia

Answer 13

inability to perform movements
on command, imitate gestures, use novelty tools

Question 14

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 14

part of association cortex. receives information from external and internal world; earliest firing when there’s an intention toward movement

Question 15

damage to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 15

problems with decision-making, flexibility in behavior, motivation

Question 16

areas of secondary motor cortex

Answer 16

premotor cortex, supplemental motor areas (internally guided), cingulate motor areas (externally guided)

Question 17

Primary motor cortex

Answer 17

eliciting movement

Question 18

Primary motor cortex is also called

Answer 18

precentral gyrus, M1

Question 19

corollary discharge

Answer 19

copy of motor signal, sent to the cerebellum

Question 20

cerebellum compares…

Answer 20

intention with movement, continuously correcting/maintaining movement (7x per second). Also critical for timing, rhythm, sequence

Question 21

what kind of control does the cerebellum have of body?

Answer 21

ipsilateral

Question 22

Damage to the cerebellum

Answer 22

levels of coordination and accuracy go down; can’t adapt motor output to changing conditions; loss of balance

Question 23

components of basal ganglia

Answer 23

striatum (caudate, putamen), globus pallidus (internal, external), substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

Question 24

vast majority of dopamine…

Answer 24

is produced in the substantia nigra and fed to the striatum

Question 25

on baseline condition, basal ganglia is inhibiting...

Answer 25

spontaneous motor behavior; thalamus is barely sending glutamate to frontal cortex

Question 26

direct pathway of basal ganglia

Answer 26

Go; disinhibition (more motor behavior)

Question 27

indirect pathway of basal ganglia

Answer 27

Stop

Question 28

VTA is related to...

Answer 28

motivated behavior