causes of brain dysfunction

Question 1

types of open head injuries

Answer 1

penetrating and perforating

Question 2

types of hematomas from contusion

Answer 2

epidural, subdural, intracranial

Question 3

contusion

Answer 3

occurs by brain slamming against the skull, producing internal hemorrhaging and a resultant hematoma

Question 4

types of closed head injuries

Answer 4

coup & coup countrecoup

Question 5

concussion

Answer 5

mTBI - no evidence of contusion or other structural damage; collection of symptoms

Question 6

Tumour

Answer 6

abnormal cell growth; usually white matter cells

Question 7

encapsulated tumor

Answer 7

inside membrane, single mass growing slowly. Benign. Small chance of growing back

Question 8

Meningioma

Answer 8

encapsulated tumor between meninges

Question 9

infiltrating tumor

Answer 9

grows through surrounding brain tissue, woven in with healthy tissue. Malignant. High chance of reoccurring.

Question 10

metastatic tumor

Answer 10

started somewhere else and carried to the brain, growing as infiltrating tumor.

Question 11

glioblastoma

Answer 11

most common type of malignant brain tumor. Most malignant.

Question 12

infarct

Answer 12

dead area following stroke, within 4 minutes

Question 13

penumbra

Answer 13

nearby regions with disrupted blood flow. Neurons may live or die in following 2 weeks. Major goal is saving penumbra

Question 14

Types of stroke

Answer 14

ischemic & hemorrhagic

Question 15

Ischemic stroke

Answer 15

disruption of blood supply to some brain area due to blockage

Question 16

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 16

generally worse (loss of blood supply + blood is toxic for brain).

Question 17

aneurism

Answer 17

stretch on artery, creating blood balloon that may rupture. Common factor of aging

Question 18

Treatment for aneurysm

Answer 18

clipping & endovascular coiling

Question 19

3 main causes of cerebral ischemia

Answer 19

thrombosis, embolism, arteriosclerosis

Question 20

Apoptosis

Answer 20

programmed cell death from too much calcium

Question 21

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 21

progressive, irreversible diminished cognitive ability. caused by repeated blows to the head (even w/o concussion)

Question 22

Taupathies

Answer 22

CTE, Alzheimers, Parkinsons

Question 23

encephalitis

Answer 23

inflammation of the brain

Question 24

cerebral abscesses

Answer 24

pus pockets from bacteria

Question 25

meningitis

Answer 25

inflammation of the meninges

Question 26

general paresis

Answer 26

psychosis/dementia developed due to syphilis in the brain

Question 27

rabies mechanism

Answer 27

travel backwards up motor neurons to the spinal cord, and then brain

Question 28

Neurocysticercosis

Answer 28

worm in the brain

Question 29

toxic psychosis

Answer 29

psychosis/dementia due to mercury poisoning

Question 30

Minamata disease

Answer 30

methylmercury poisoning

Question 31

crackpots

Answer 31

related to lead exposure

Question 32

MadHatter

Answer 32

related to mercury exposure

Question 33

forms of MS

Answer 33

relapsing-remitting,
secondary progressive, primary progressive

Question 34

MS outside-in theory

Answer 34

primarily an autoimmune disorder

Question 35

MS inside-out theory

Answer 35

primarily a neurodegenerative disorder

Question 36

geographical differences in incidence rates of MS suggest…

Answer 36

relationship of MS with (low) vitamin D, especially in the first 15y. higher risk for white ppl

Question 37

strengths of Bjornevik et al. 2022 study on Epstein-Barr virus and MS

Answer 37

longitudinal; MS only developed after exposure to EBV (800 in 801) - huge risk factor.