Memory

Question 1

retrograde amnesia

Answer 1

can form new memories but forget old ones (can be temporally graded - only remember childhood for ex.)

Question 2

anterograde amnesia

Answer 2

can’t form new memories but remember old ones

Question 3

patient HM

Answer 3

went through bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to treat epilepsy. anterograde amnesia, but working memory intact.

Question 4

implicit memory

Answer 4

unconscious thought

Question 5

explicit memory

Answer 5

can be actively recalled

Question 6

memory consolidation

Question 7

subtypes of explicit memory

Answer 7

episodic & semantic

Question 8

Episodic memory

Answer 8

personally experienced events

Question 9

Semantic memory

Answer 9

facts and general knowledge

Question 10

long-term potentiation

Answer 10

memory at a cellular level; persistent strengthening of synapses in a neuronal network (the stronger the synapse, better the memory)

Question 11

patient KC

Question 12

where are implicit memories processed

Answer 12

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 13

where are explicit memories processed

Answer 13

hippocampus, frontal and temporal lobes

Question 14

hippocampal indexing theory

Answer 14

informations get indexed together in one spot in hippocampus. later only one needs to be triggered to generate recall of others. stronger connections are made.

Question 15

lesion on hippocampus

Answer 15

dysfunction in consolidating new long-term memories

Question 16

cell changes during LTP

Answer 16

large influx of glutamate binds to AMPA receptors, causing depolarization and telling magnesium that blocks NMDA receptors. glutamate then binds do NMDAr. high glutamate in cell causes more AMPAr to come to surface of membrane (positive feedback cycle)

Question 17

functional changes during LTP

Answer 17

AMPA receptors recruited to membrane to allow for more signals to occur; lasts for a couple hours.

Question 18

structural changes during LTP

Question 19

early onset AD

Answer 19

familial or genetic

Question 20

defining characteristics of AD

Answer 20

Brain volume decreases
Neurofibrillary tangles
Amyloid plaques

Question 21

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 21

Hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates and axon disintegrates. Intracellular marker

Question 22

Amyloid plaques

Answer 22

beta-amyloid proteins don’t break properly from APP and clump together forming plaques around the neuron. Extracellular marker

Question 23

time course of AD

Answer 23

neurodegeneration is happening before symptoms. amyloid plaques starts to form, triggering neurofibrillary tangles at one point; neuronal integrity is decreasing.

Question 24

AD biomarkers

Answer 24

through CSF: lower beta-amyloid, higher tau levels