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PSYC 301 > Neural communication > Flashcards

Neural communication Flashcards

1
Q

direct measure of neural communication

A

brain activity in the form of changes in electricity - put a needle inside + outside cell and compare

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2
Q

indirect measure of neural communication

A

they measure things like blood flow and glucose consumption; things related to brain activity

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3
Q

why is neural communication chemical

A

movement of ions into and out of the cell (Na+ and K+)

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4
Q

why is neural communication electrical

A

both Na and K are positively charged; as they move, they change the cell potential

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5
Q

why is the inside of the cell more negative (compared to the outside)

A

pos. ions come in and as they leave the cell, it becomes more negative (only when compared to outside)

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6
Q

ion passive transport

A

diffusion through lipid bilayer & facilitated diffusion (channel)

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7
Q

ion active transport

A

ion pump

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A

keeps proteins, ions out of cell

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9
Q

channels

A

are specific to each protein, only flow according to forces of nature

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10
Q

moving molecules against forces of nature requires

A

energy, through a pump.

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11
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

pumps sodium out of cell, and potassium into cell. uses 2/3rds of brain’s ATP

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12
Q

how many bindings are in a sodium-potassium pump?

A

3 for Na and 2 for K

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13
Q

potassium leak channel

A

always open, requires no energy. potassium leaves cell

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14
Q

how are cells negative

A

more ions leave the cell than come in; K leaks outside of cell where there’s less

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15
Q

where is there more sodium

A

outside of cell

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16
Q

where is there more potassium

A

inside cell

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17
Q

RMP

A

resting membrane potential

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18
Q

resting membrane potential

A

baseline; balance between chemical and electrical forces

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19
Q

what effects can a neurotransmitter have when it binds to a receptor

A

depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane

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20
Q

depolarize the membrane

A

makes the cell less negative; EPSP

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21
Q

excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

A

increase likelihood of action potential

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22
Q

hyper-polarize the membrane

A

makes cell more negative; IPSP

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23
Q

inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

A

decrease likelihood of action potential

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24
Q

when does an action potential is fired

A

stimulus causes cell’s voltage to move towards 0 mV; when reaches about -55mV, action potential is triggered

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25
Q

PSP is…

A

graded
rapid
decremental

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26
Q

threshold of excitation

A

when PSP is enough to open voltage-gated sodium channels and depolarization is large enough that AP is generated;

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27
Q

Action potential

A

massive, brief reversal of membrane potential. they always look the same

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28
Q

phases of AP

A

depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, resting potential

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29
Q

depolarization phase

A

sodium comes into the cell, making it more positive

30
Q

direction of action potential

A

towards axon terminals

31
Q

repolarization phase

A

potassium leaves the cell, making it more negative, bringing it to balance

32
Q

hyperpolarization phase

A

brief moment when too much potassium has left the cell

33
Q

voltage-gated sodium channels

A

in resting remain closed, but opened by electrical force, allowing sodium to come in

34
Q

voltage-gated potassium channels

A

in resting remain closed, but slowly opens after threshold of excitation; hyperpolarization happens because of slow closure

35
Q

does AP not decay?

A

it does, but it is constantly regenerated, so looks the same all way down the axon

36
Q

which part of cell is covered in voltage-gated sodium channels?

A

axon

37
Q

unmyelinated axons

A

has Nav channels everywhere

38
Q

number of Nav channels in axon…

A

dictates conduction speed

39
Q

in the case of too few Nav…

A

the AP decays

40
Q

why is unmyelinated axons slower?

A

AP decays faster and there is more need of regeneration

41
Q

Myelination allows for…

A

less AP decay, more spread out Nav, therefore faster transmission

42
Q

where are the Nav found in myelinated axons

A

Nodes of Ranvier

43
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease; progressive destruction of myelin. all sorts of symptoms occurs, from inability to send out motor signals and receive sensory signals

44
Q

which potential is amplitude modulated?

A

PSP; stronger signals conveyed by larger PSP

45
Q

which potential is frequency modulated?

A

AP; stronger signal conveyed by bigger frequency of AP in one measure of time

46
Q

terminal boutons

A

where axons end

47
Q

vesicles

A

contained in the bouton, is filled with neurotransmitters

48
Q

vesicles release neurotransmitters when

A

action potential stimulates it

49
Q

calcium channels

A

voltage-gated; triggers vesicle and membrane to merge together - contents released in synapse

50
Q

calcium is more prominent…

A

outside the cell

51
Q

receptors are located in

A

the dendrite membrane

52
Q

ligand-gated ion channels

A

receptors that only open/bind to substance when there is a neurotransmitter present

53
Q

receptor types

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

54
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

channels; ions cross the membrane

55
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

signalling proteins;

56
Q

what kind of receptor allows for fast, transient effect

A

ionotropic

57
Q

what kind of receptor allows for slow, longer lastings effect

A

metabotropic

58
Q

protein binded to metabotropic receptors

A

G proteins

59
Q

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

metabotropic

60
Q

G proteins can be

A

positive (excitatory) or negative (inhibitory) modulatory

61
Q

when neurotransmitters binds to metabotropic receptors…

A

G proteins break off from receptor and flow inside cell

62
Q

do G proteins cause direct or indirect change in voltage?

A

indirect; intracellular messenger

63
Q

types of presynaptic receptors

A

autoreceptors
heteroreceptors

64
Q

autoreceptor

A

inhibitory;
bind to same neurotransmitter being released

65
Q

what role does presynaptic receptors play in maintaining brain activity balanced?

A

autoreceptors have a feedback role, to track how active the axon is

66
Q

heteroreceptor

A

both excitatory and inhibitory;
bind to different neurotransmitter being released

67
Q

3 ways neurotransmitter clean up happens

A

diffusion
enzymatic degradation
re-uptake

68
Q

metabolites

A

components of neurotransmitters, broken down by enzymes

69
Q

drug types

A

agonist & antagonist

70
Q

what determines the effect that the neurotransmitter has?

A

the receptors they bind to! wether they’re gonna be positive or negative modulatory

71
Q
A

PSYC 301 (12 decks)

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