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PSYC 301 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

define lyssenphalic cortex

A

it’s a smooth cortex, non convoluted, of some other mammals, birds, etc

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2
Q

parts of the convolutions

A

gyrus (outward) and sulcus (inward)

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3
Q

Callosotomy

A

surgical disconnection of the hemispheres

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4
Q

controlateral organization

A

one brain hemisphere controls opposite side of the body

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5
Q

which hemisphere dominates language?

A

left hemisphere

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6
Q

commissures

A

tracts that connect the hemispheres

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7
Q

what does the central fissure does?

A

separates frontal from parietal lobe

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8
Q

what does the lateral fissure does?

A

separates temporal from frontal/parietal lobes.

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9
Q

sensory pathway

A

afferent (bottom-up)

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10
Q

motor pathway

A

efferent (top-down)

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11
Q

components of somatic nervous system

A

sensory & motor pathway

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12
Q

components of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic (efferent)

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13
Q

plural of nucleus

A

nuclei

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14
Q

plural of ganglion

A

ganglia

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15
Q

What are cell clusters called?

A

nuclei and ganglia

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16
Q

difference between nuclei and ganglia

A

both refer to clusters of nervous cells, but nuclei are the ones in the CNS and ganglia the ones in the PNS

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17
Q

what kind of cell cluster is the basal ganglia?

A

nucleus

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18
Q

What is tract?

A

bundle of axons in the CNS

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19
Q

What is nerve?

A

bundle of axons in the PNS

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20
Q

what are fibers?

A

all types of bundles of axons

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21
Q

types of bundle of axons

A

tract (CNS), nerve (PNS), fibers (all)

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22
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

designates where the CNS begins, separating the optic nerve and the optic tract

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23
Q

Neuraxis

A

extension of nervous system

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24
Q

anterior side

A

rostral

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25
Q

posterior side

A

caudal

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26
Q

superior side

A

dorsal

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27
Q

inferior side

A

ventral

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28
Q

Where does the 90º turn happens in humans and changes brain designated terminology?

A

as of forebrain

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29
Q

types of anatomical sections/slices

A

horizontal, coronal, (mid)sagital

30
Q

parts of the hindbrain

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon

31
Q

parts of the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

32
Q

parts of the forebrain

A

telencephalon, diencephalon

33
Q

function of myelencephalon (medulla)

A

involuntary control of life-sustaining functions; slight damage can be fatal

34
Q

extension of the reticular formation

A

myelencephalon, through metencephalon, to mesencephalon (tegmentum)

35
Q

reticular formation

A

rich in nuclei; critical for basic features of animal life: maintaining consciousness, attention, arousal, sleep, wakefulness.

36
Q

components of metencephalon

A

lots of myelinated tracts; Pons & Cerebellum

37
Q

function of the pons (metencephalon)

A

handles autonomic processes, and contains several junctions

38
Q

function of Cerebellum (metencephalon)

A

coordinate motor activity, muscle tone, and balance.

39
Q

volume of cerebellum

A

is only 10% of brain volume, but contains 50% of all the neurons

40
Q

parts of the mesencephalon

A

tectum & tegmentum

41
Q

parts of the tectum

A

superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

42
Q

function of superior colliculi (tectum)

A

directs eyes and attention to salient information in environment; outside conscious control

43
Q

function of inferior colliculi (tectum)

A

directs attention to salient sound in environment; outside conscious control

44
Q

Tegmentum contains

A

top of reticular formation; periaqueductal grey; red nucleus

45
Q

periaqueductal grey (tegmentum)

A

internal analgesia; important role in regulating emotion expression and controlling basic physiological function as it is an interphase between frontal cortex and brain stem

46
Q

most dopamine-producing area in the brain

A

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental arc (VTA) (in tegmentum)

47
Q

red nucleus (tegmentum)

A

governs movement; “species specific behavior”

48
Q

What area is related to movement intersecting with emotion

A

tegmentum

49
Q

structures of the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

50
Q

thalamus

A

information hub; almost all sensory systems (except olfactory) go through thalamus before distributed brain;

51
Q

corticothalamic loops

A

synapses that go back and forth between cortex and thalamus; thought to be physical base for conscious awareness.

52
Q

damage to the thalamus

A

array of impairments: sensory, motor, attentional, consciousness…

53
Q

structure of Hypothalamus

A

not just one structure - contains many nuclei. main junction with endocrine system through pituitary gland

54
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

many evolutionarily relevant functions: sex and libido, aggression, eating and its sensation, sleep and wakefulness

55
Q

Telencephalon

A

the cerebral cortex; highly convoluted

56
Q

insula

A

oldest cortex; plays role in taste and some emotions (disgust, anger)

57
Q

Limbic system contains

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex

58
Q

function of amygdala

A

emotional learning and emotional behavior output

59
Q

function of hippocampus

A

long-term memory

60
Q

components of basal ganglia

A

striatum, globus pallidus

61
Q

sections of striatum (basal ganglia)

A

putamen, caudate, nucleus accumbens

62
Q

role of basal ganglia

A

“muscle memory”, movement, skills, habits, decision-making

63
Q

how many layers are there in the neocortex

A

6, invariably, even though they look different in different regions

64
Q

primary Broadmann somatosensory area

A

1, 2, 3

65
Q

primary Broadmann motor area

A

4

66
Q

primary Broadmann visual area

A

17

67
Q

which arteries are part of the cerebral blood flow

A

vertebral, left internal carotid, right internal carotid

68
Q

what are astrocytes

A

cells that mediate the entrance of nutrients from blood to neurons

69
Q

What are the 3 meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

70
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the two hemispheres

PSYC 301 (12 decks)

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