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Biology Of The Mind > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

How is the eye able to move?

A

It contains extraocular muscles

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1
Q

How does light energy pass to the optic nerve?

A

Via the cornea, past the lens and toward the fovea

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2
Q

What is the job of photoreceptors?

A

Converge light energy and neural activity

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3
Q

What types of photoreceptors are there?

A

Rod and cone cells

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4
Q

What do rod cells detect?

A

They are achromatic, so detect changes to light intensity

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5
Q

What do cones cells detect?

A

The are trichromatic, so allow colour vision

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6
Q

What function do bipolar cells have?

A

They create a direct pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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7
Q

What do retinal ganglion cells do?

A

They leave the eye and form the optic nerve

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8
Q

How is retinal change caused by rhodopsin or iodopsin?

A

They absorb the photon in the disc membrane, changing the retinal schiff base cofactor, leading to retinal change

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9
Q

What does retinal change cause?

A

A series of intermediates leading to a G protein activating transducin

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10
Q

What effect does transducin have in the eye?

A

Activates cGMP phosphodiesterase, converting cGMP to 5’cGMP

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11
Q

Photoreceptor Na+ channels close due to what change?

A

A net decrease in cGMP concentration

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12
Q

Outer segments of the photoreceptors become hyper polarised due to what change?

A

The decreased Na+ inside the cell

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13
Q

Outer photoreceptors hyper polarisation causes what?

A

Ca2+ VGIC to close, so intracellular Ca2+ concentrations fall

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14
Q

Low levels of intracellular Ca2+ levels in photoreceptors causes what?

A

Less glutamate to be released by exocytosis to bipolar cells

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15
Q

When rod and come cells are stimulated by light, what happens?

A

They produce less NT, which can stimulate or inhibit bipolar cells

16
Q

What is included in the retinofusal projection?

A

The optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract

17
Q

What is the visual field?

A

The entire region of space seen by both eyes looking straight ahead

18
Q

What do optic nerve fibres do in the optic chiasm?

A

Cross over to the opposite side

19
Q

What does a 2x2mm cortex contain?

A

2 ocular dominance columns, 16 blobs and 2 complete orientation columns

20
Q

What path does a sound wave take in the ear?

A

Down the auditory meatus, to the tympanic membrane where it enters the cochlea

21
Q

What happens to the pressure waves in the cochlea?

A

They’re turned into nerve signals

22
Q

The cochlea is made up of what 3 vesicles?

A

Scala media, scala vestibuli and scala tympani

23
Q

What are the sensory receptors in the ear?

A

The hair cells that lie in the scala media

24
Q

How does vibration cause transmission?

A

Causes the organ of corti to move, the tectorial membrane distorts, so the sterocilia are disturbed producing mechanoelectrical transduction

25
Q

Endolymph of the scala media contains high concentrations of what ion?

A

K+

26
Q

Stereocilia disturbance causes depolarisation which results in…?

A

VGIC for Ca2+ to open and the NT to be released

27
Q

Where in the brain is the auditory complex located?

A

On the superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe of the brain

28
Q

What are the 3 senses associated with the nose and mouth?

A

Olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal

29
Q

How do odourants enter the nasal cavity?

A

They dissolve in mucus, and bind to cilia that project into the nasal cavity

30
Q

How do the cilia then produce signals?

A

Their axons project into the olfactory bulb, and signals are sent to the pyriform cortex in the temporal lobe

31
Q

There is a less direct route of olfactory signalling, what does this involve?

A

The odourants bind to cilia, activate G proteins, produce cAMP, opening Ca2+ and Na+ channels, which leads to Cl- channels opening resulting in depolarisation

32
Q

What are taste sensitive structure called?

A

Papillae

33
Q

Explain the circumuallate papillae.

A

Largest with thousands of taste buds, located posteriorly

34
Q

What characterises foliage papillae?

A

Elongated structures with hundreds of taste buds, lying along the posterior lateral edge

35
Q

What are the taste sensitive structures at the tip of he tongue?

A

The fungiform papillae, which are the smallest with only a few taste buds

36
Q

From back to front of the tongue, name the taste sensations.

A

Bitter, sour, salty, sweet

37
Q

How is the taste transduction achieved?

A

Dissolved molecules interact with receptors, depolarisation, and action potential, increased intracellular Ca2+ and release of NT, exciting nerve fibres

Biology Of The Mind (15 decks)

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