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Biology Of The Mind > Motor Systems > Flashcards

Motor Systems Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the most common innervator of skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Alpha motoneurones

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1
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

A motoneurone and all of it’s associated muscle fibres

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2
Q

How is the contractile force of motor units evenly spread through the muscle?

A

One motoneurone synapses with many muscle fibres

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3
Q

What is the result of increases motor unit recruitment?

A

An increase in the strength of muscle contraction

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4
Q

What rule is followed in the recruitment if motor units?

A

Recruitment occurs from the smallest to the largest units

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5
Q

Muscle spindles signal information about what muscle features?

A

Length and velocity

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6
Q

What are the muscle fibres what are important in muscle spindle function?

A

Intrafusal muscle fibres keep the muscle spindles taut and sensitive to stretch

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7
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibres contribute to what input?

A

Proprioception - detection of position and movement in space

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8
Q

How are Intrafusal fibres innervated?

A

Gamma motoneurones

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9
Q

Main powerful muscle contractions are produces by which muscle fibres?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibres

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10
Q

What do alpha motoneurones innervate?

A

The extrafusal muscle fibres

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11
Q

When the CNS initiates muscle contraction, what coordination must take place?

A

Alpha-gamma coactivation

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12
Q

The Golgi tendon organ signals information about what muscle activities?

A

Load and force

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13
Q

What is the structure of GTO?

A

Capsules containing collagen fibres

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14
Q

How is the GTO innervated?

A

By primary afferents called group 1b fibres

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15
Q

What is a motoneurone pool?

A

Motoneurones clustered together all innervating the same muscle

16
Q

What is a rate code used for?

A

To signal the amount if force to be exerted by a muscle

17
Q

Describe a myotatic reflex.

A

Muscle stretch, activates 1a afferents, enter the dorsal root, synapse in the spinal cord directly on the alpha motoneurone, which innervates the initial muscle to contract

18
Q

The myotatic reflex is an example of what type if pathway?

A

A mono synaptic pathway

19
Q

What is the initiator of the myotatic reflex?

A

Muscle spindles (not GTO)

20
Q

Muscles work in synchrony; how is this achieved?

A

Via the inhibition of stretch reflex

21
Q

Why must an opposing muscle be inhibited?

A

To prevent the contraction of the opposing muscles at the same time, which would cause damage

22
Q

How is stretch reflex inhibition achieved?

A

The 1a afferents bifurcates in the spinal cord, one branch innervates the 1a inhibitory interneurone

23
Q

The GTO is involved in which inhibitory mechanism?

A

The autogenic inhibition reflex

24
Q

Describe the autogenic inhibitory reflex.

A

Muscle tension, activates group 1b fibres, synapse on 1b inhibitory interneurone which synapse in an alpha motoneurone, reducing muscle contraction

25
Q

Inhibitory mechanism are examples of what pathways?

A

Disynaptic reflex pathways

26
Q

What are considered high level tasks in the motor system hierarchy?

A

The coordination of the activity at many limbs

27
Q

What is considered to be low level tasks in the motor system hierarchy?

A

The programming of force and velocity required and maintenance of posture

28
Q

What order does the motor system hierarchy follow?

A

Spinal cord, brain stem, motor cortex and association cortex

29
Q

Which areas of the frontal lobe are involved in the motor cortex?

A

Primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, and supplementary motor cortex

30
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

In the precentral gyrus, and anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface

31
Q

What is required to elicit movements via the motor cortex?

A

Electrical stimulation

32
Q

Which motor cortex area requires the least electrical stimulation to elicit a response?

A

Primary motor cortex

33
Q

Which motor cortex areas require a higher electrical input for production of movements?

A

Premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

Biology Of The Mind (15 decks)

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