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GRE Psychology > sensation/perception > Flashcards

sensation/perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Weber’s Law (Fechner)

A

change in stimulus intensity need for JND divided by stimulus intensity of standard stimulus is constant

? I/I = K
?= delta I, change in intensity

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2
Q

Who founded Gestalt psych

A

Max Wertheimer

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3
Q

Absolute threshold (limen)

A

minimum stimulus energy need to activate sensory system

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4
Q

Difference threshold

A

how different two stimuli must be before perceived as different.

If 2lbs = 1 JND, 4 lbs = 2 JND

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5
Q

Fechner’s law

Steven’s power law

A

sensation increases more slowly as intensity increases

Steven argued with him

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6
Q

What theory says nonsensory factors influence what subject says she sees?

A

signal detection theory

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7
Q

Response bias

A

measures how risky the subject is in sensory decision-making; based upon nonsensory factors

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8
Q

Sensitivity

A

Measures how well the subject can sense the stimulus

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9
Q

ROC curve (Swets)

A

used to graphically summarize a subject’s responses in a signal detection experiment

John Swets

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10
Q

Receptors

A

respond to physical stimuli

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11
Q

Transduction

A

translates physical energy to neural impulses

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12
Q

projection areas

A

brain areas that further analyze sensory input

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13
Q

cornea

A

gathers light and focuses it

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14
Q

pupil

A

contracts in bright light

expands in dim light

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15
Q

iris

A

involuntary muscles/autonomic nerve fibers, controls size of pupil

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16
Q

lens

A

controls curve of light and can focus near/distant objects on retina

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17
Q

retina

A

image detection

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18
Q

Light path

A

retinal ganglion –> bipolar cell –> rod/cones

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19
Q

Cones

A

color/fine detail, effective in bright light, both color/noncolor. because less cones converging onto individual ganglion cells

rods- reduce light, achromatic colors, low detail sensitivity
We have more rods than cones

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20
Q

Fovea

A

contains only cones
visual acuity best here

only rods at periphery of retina

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21
Q

Ganglion cells form

A

optic nerve

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22
Q

Vision: nerve pathways

A

Cross in optic chiasm
Nasal fibers –> opposite side
Temporal fibers: same side
Optic tract takes info to thalamus (LGN), visual cortex, and superior colliculus.

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23
Q

Hubel/Wiesel’s single cell recordings:

Types of Cell/Responds to visual info on…
Simple
Complex
Hypercomplex

A

Simple- orientation/boundaries

Complex- movement

hypercomplex- abstract/shape

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24
Q

Illumination vs. brightness

A

illumination- objective measure of light on surface

brightness-subjective impression of intensity

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25
Q

Adaption

A

dark adaption- in movie theater

Rods have rhodopsin (Vitamin A, retinal and protein opsin) when light absorbed, splits to retinene and opsin (bleaching), takes time to regenerate)

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26
Q

Simultaneous bright contrast

A

target areas of particular luminance appears brighter surrounded by darker stimulus than lighter stimulus.

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27
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

adjacent retinal cells inhibit each other, sharpens/highlights boarders between light/dark cells

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28
Q

Humans can see

A

400-800 nm

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29
Q

Subtractive color mixture

A

paint, mix pigments

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30
Q

Additive color mixture

A

lights, primary green, red, blue

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31
Q

Young-Helm color theory/trichromatic theory

A

3 cones for 3 colors

32
Q

Ewald Hering’s theory of color: opponent processing

A

red excites r/g cell
b/w
y/b
suggested by after images

33
Q

interposition depth cue

A

if A covers B, B is farther away

34
Q

Relative size depth cue

A

retinal size of object: actual size

ex: no tiny car, far car

35
Q

Linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance

36
Q

Texture gradients

A

as scene recedes, surface texture appears to change

37
Q

motion parallax

A

observer moves, objects in stationary environment appear to move relative to distance from observer
(ex: train)

38
Q

Binocular disparity (stereopsis)

A

each eye sees a slightly different scene, when brain combines the scenes, we get perception of depth

39
Q

object rather than perceiver moves

A

kinetic depth effect

40
Q

degree of disparity between retinal images of eyes due to slight differences in horizontal position of each eye

A

binocular parallax

41
Q

Figure vs. Ground

A

Figure- image

ground- background

42
Q

proximity

A

elements close to each other tend to be perceived as unit

43
Q

similarity

A

elements similar to each other tend to be grouped together

44
Q

good continuation

A

elements appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together

45
Q

closure

A

tendency to see incomplete figures as complete

46
Q

Pragnanz

A

perceptual organization will always be as good as possible

47
Q

Kohler’s theory of isomorphism

A

1:1 correspondence between object in perception and stimulation in brain

48
Q

Apparent motion (Phi)

A

2+ stationary lights flicker in succession, tend to be perceived as single moving light

49
Q

Induced motion

A

stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves

50
Q

Autokinetic effect

A

stationary point of light when viewed in otherwise dark room appears to move, probably caused by involuntary eye movements

51
Q

Motion aftereffect

A

view moving object long time, stops moving, seems to go in opposite direction

52
Q

Size constancy (ames room)

A

perceived size of object remains constant despite variations in the size of its retinal image

53
Q

Shape constancy

A

perceived shape of object remains constant despite variations in the shape of its retinal image
(ex: opening a door)

54
Q

Lightness constancy

A

perceived lightness of object constant even when light changes

55
Q

Color constancy

A

color of an object constant despite change in spectrum (sunglasses)

56
Q

Gibson/Walk to assess depth perceptual in infants

A

visual cliff

57
Q

Frequency vs. intensity Objective

A

Frequency- cycles/s, Hz

Intensity- amp. of wave, decibels

58
Q

Subjective: pitch, loudness, timbre

A

pitch-frequency
loud-intensity
timbre-quality (piano vs. trumpet)

59
Q

Pinna

A

first ear part, channel wave to auditory cannal

60
Q

tympanic membrane

A

vibrates in phase with waves

61
Q

Ossciles (MIS) –>

A

oval window (enterance)
Cochlea- filled with saltly cochlear fluid
Basilar membrane, and organ of corti (hair cells)

62
Q

Auditory brain

A

superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus, MGN in thalamus, temporal cortex

63
Q

What determines pitch?

Also Helmholtz/young place theory

A

Basilar membrane = pitch

different place = different pitch
tones 500-4,000+ Hz

64
Q

Frequency theory

A

basilar membrane vibrates as whole, rate of vibration = frequency of stimulus.
tons up to 0-4,000 Hz

65
Q

Bekesy’s traveling wave

A

movement of basilar membrane maximal at different place along basilar membrane for each different frequency
high at oval window
low near apex

66
Q

taste bud group

A

papillae

67
Q

smell receptors in

A

olfactory epithelium

68
Q

Melzack/Wall’s theory of pain

A

Gating mechanism in spinal cord hat turns pain signals on/off

69
Q

Two-point threshold

A

minimum distances needed between two points of stimulation on skins such that the points are felt as two distinct stimuli

70
Q

Physiological zero

A

neutral temp perceived neither hot nor cold

71
Q

Proprioception

A

bodily position, vestibular/kinesthetic

72
Q

vestibular sense

A

balance, gravity, semicircular canals

73
Q

kinesthetic

A

awareness of body movement/position, muscle, tendon, and joint position

74
Q

Donald Broadbent’s selective attention

A

filter between sensory and processing

if you don’t pay attention, it’s gone

75
Q

Dichotic listening

A

you can only hear one at a time

76
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

performance worst at extremely low/high levels of arousal

GRE Psychology (7 decks)

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