Cognitive Psychology (Learning and Ethology) Flashcards
Pavlov
Classical conditioning dogs
Long time since bell= food, yet weak response known as
spontaneous recovery
acquisition
period during which organism is learning association of stimuli
Dog hears windchimes and salivates, but was trained on bell
generalizations
Forward conditioning vs. backward
CS before UCS in forward, backward not successful
Second Order conditioning
Stage 1: Bell ring, food (CS, UCS)
Stage 2: light, bell (neutral, CS)
stage 3: neutral (light flash)
Sensory preconditioning
Stage 1: neutral 1 & 2 (light and bell)
Stage 2: neutral 2 (CS) and UCS (bell and food)
Stage 3: (neutral 1, food and light)
Who explained pairing/association for classic conditioning? (contingency explanation)
Robert Rescorla
Blocking
If hiss noise, then shock ok
hiss and light, then shock, not link because light is coincidence. Noise alone.
Contiguity
Contingency
Blocking
Continuity- CS/UCS near in time
Contingency- CS good signal for UCS
Blocking- CS good signal for UCS and provides nonredundant info about occurrence of UCS
Thorndike’s law of effect
if response followed by annoying consequence, animal less likely to emit same response in future.
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement- we want you to do something
punishment- we want you to stop doing something
A stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences is called…
Discriminative stimulus
Partial reinforcement effect
Rat A = every lever press = 1 treat
Rat B = every 3-6 lever presses = 1 treat
Whose extinction is longer? Rat B
Fixed-Ratio schedule
5 presses = 1 treat, everytime
Variable-Ratio
average 5 presses = 1 treat, but could be 2, or 17
Fixed-interval
Rutgers
1st lever press after 45 second time lapse
Variable interval
Reinforced for first response after variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcer. (average amount of time)
FR1 or continuous reinforcement is
1 lever = 1 treat
What schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Variable Ratio
Shaping/Differential Reinforcement
Desired behavior to reinforce is not natural
Give treats for closer approximations
Classical Conditioning therapies help what
phobias/OCD
Flooding: phobia therapy vs. Implosion
Expose to fear (like a cat)
implosion: just imagine the cat
Counter-conditioning/systematic desensitization
pair phobia with relaxation technique and go slowly
Conditioned aversion
Gets rid of addiction, paired with something unpleasant
Token economy
give token for good behavior
Take tokens for bad behavior
Contingency Management
General name for therapies that attempt to change the client’s behavior by altering the consequences of the behavior
Behavioral Contract
written agreement that explicitly states the consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts
Time-out
Removing client from the potentially reinforcing situation before he can receive reinforcement for the undesirable behavior
Premack principle
Using a more preferred activity to reinforce less preferred activity
Thorndike’s law of effect and how he proved it with a cat
puzzle box. once the cat hits the lever, he can go out the box. this is trial-and-error learning.
Kohler’s insight proven with chimp
food out of reach, come up with new novel way to get it
Tolman’s cognitive map with rats
animals can map out visual space
Different species having different predisposition to learn different things different ways this is
biological constraints
Garcia effect
preparedness:
classical conditioning works with what we expect
nausea = bad food
shock = machine
Breland’s raccoon and instinctual drift
instinctual ways of behaving can override behaviors learned by operant conditioning
Bandura’s vicarious reinforcement
Bobo doll
Ethology
study of animal behavior under natural conditions
Who brought experimental methods into ethology?
Niko Tinbergen
Fixed action pattern (FAP)
Stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by the animal
Sign Stimuli
Features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular FAP
Releaser
sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors between animals
Supernormal stimulus
model more effective at triggering a FAP than the actual sign stimulus found in nature
Innate releasing mechanism (IRM)
mechanism in the animal’s nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAPs
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
behaviors that prevent animals of one species from attempting to mate with animals of closely related species
Karl von Frisch’s bees
dance to show where hives are
Reproductive Fitness
takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce
Inclusive fitness
takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce AND number of other relatives who live to reproductive ages
Wilson’s sociobiology
how social behaviors increase fitness
Titchener’s structuralism’s goal was to
break consciousness down to the elements/mental structures
Hermann Ebbinghaus’ nonsense syllables
Method of savings
Method of savings- after memorizing the initial list, number of times he had to read the list in order to rememorize it.
Forgetting curve
Encoding
putting info in memory
Storage
retaining info in memory
retrieval
recovering info from memory
Recall vs. Recognition
recall: fill in the blank
Recognition: MC
Generation-recognition
you can recognize more than you recall, recall require that and more
Recency
words at end of list remembered best
primacy
words at beginning of list remembered second best
Clustering
people tend to recall words in same category
Iconic memory
visual
Echoic memory
auditory
whole report procedure
flash an image, just start reporting randomly how much you saw. 4/9
Sperling’s partial report procedure
flash 9 images, ask later a certain row of 3, you can remember all of them because memory takes time to decay.
Short term memory (Working memory)
Sensory info we attend to
how long it stays depends on what we do with it
maintenance rehearsal can keep it there for a while (repeating info)
Miller’s chunks are helpful
Long term memory
elaborative rehearsal, associate with other information you already have in there. Organize and sort material.
Type of long term: procedural
remember how to do things
type of long term: declarative
explicit info
Declarative 1: Semantic
general knowledge
Declarative 2: episodic
memories for particular events/episodes that you have personally experienced
Semantic priming
pairs of words, press button if related. doctor-nurse button press faster than nurse-butter.
Short term encoding of verbal material likely based on
phonology
long term encoding of verbal material likely based on
meaning
Memory: semantic verification task
indicate if statement true or false.
Response latency = response time
pattern o latencies provide info on how semantic knowledge is stored in memory
Collins/Loftus Spreading activation model
connection map, less distance between too words, the more related they are
Smith/Rips/Shoben’s semantic feature comparison model
semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; key is overlap in feature lists of concepts
ex: robin is a bird vs. turkey is a bird
Craik/lockhart’s depth of processing/levels theory
1) physical visual focus on appearance, size, shape of info
2) acoustical, focus on sound combinations words have
3) semantic, focus on meaning of the word
more mental effort = better memory
Paivio’s dual-code hypothesis
info stated visually (concrete info, like elephant)
info stored verbally (abstract, like hope)
Schema
conceptual frameworks used to organize knowledge
If info in long term memory is not used/rehearsed, it will be forgotten, time elapsed makes no difference. What is the theory?
Decay theory
Proactive inhibition
what you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later
ex: French as 2nd language, harder to learn Spanish
Retroactive inhibition
you forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new.
encoding specificity
assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding
State-dependent learning
recall will be better if psychological/physical state at time of recall is same as state when you memorized the material.
Method of loci
system of associating information with some sequence of places with which you are familiar.
Sir Frederick Barlett’s reconstructive memory
people retell story in line with their culture, expectations, and schema
Elizabeth Loftus’ eyewitness memory
found errors of eyewitness accounts
Zeigarnik effect (I struggle)
easier to remember incomplete tasks better then completed tasks.
Mental set
tendency to repeat solutions that worked in other situations
Functional fixedness
Can’t use familiar object in unfamiliar way
Creativity test: Guilford’s test of divergent thinking
finding new novel ways to use stuff
Heuristics
shortcuts/rules of thumb used to make decisions
availability heuristics
used when trying to decide how likely something is (can we think of times when it has happened)
Representative heuristic
categorizes things based on whether they fit prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category
Using prototypical/stereotypical factors rather than actual numerical information about which category is more numerous is
base-rate fallacy
ignore numerical info when categorizing
Phonemes
smallest SOUND units of language
Morphemes
smallest units of MEANING in language
Semantics
meaning of words/sentences
Syntax
grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
Learning theory of language
language acquired by classical condition
Cognitive developmental theory of language
child’s capacity of symbolic thought
Chomsky’s nativist theory of language
Language acquisition device (LAD)
built-in advanced knowledge of rule structures in language
Surface structure
actual order of words in sentence
deep structure
underlying form the specifies the meaning of sentence
Transformational rules
tell us how we can change from one sentences form to another (from sentence in the active voice to a sentence in the passive voice)
Whorfian hypothesis
linguistic relativity: our perception of reality based on language
ex: different words for love, better at discriminating between different feelings of love
Spearman suggested individual differences in intelligence are largely due to variations in amount of
general “g”
”s” is factor that describes individual differences in performing specific tasks
Louis Thurstone: identified 7 abilities
primary mental abilities
Sternberg’s triarchic theory
3 intelligence aspects
1) componential (tests)
2) experiential (creative)
3) contextual (street smarts/business)
Howard Gardner’s theory
multiple intelligences
7 categories
Who came up with crystal and fluid?
Raymond Catell
Fluid intelligence
ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations and make correct deductions
decreases with age
Crystallized intelligence
solve problems that depend on previously learned knowledge.
increases throughout lifespan
Arthur Jensen
prominent educational psychologist who studied intelligence. Said IQ was genetic. Also super racist. :(
Who published a book about parallel distributed processing (PDP) proposing that info is distributed across brain/done in parallel fashion?
McClelland and Rumelhart
Metacognition/metamemory
refer to a person’s ability to think about and monitor cognition and memory
