Developmental Psychology Flashcards
When were children actually depicted in their own costumes and pictured at play
Renaissance era
John Locke along with
Thomas Hobbs/George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, and John Stuart
Formed British Empiricist school of thought
All knowledge is gain by experience
mind is tabula rasa/blank slate
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Opposed Locke
Society opposes optimal development
Book: Emile: Concerning Education
Late 18th century baby biographies
Dairies that detailed physical/psych development
Most informative/useful kept by Charles Darwin= evolution
Functionalist system of thought
Mind’s function to help individual adapt to the environment.
G. Stanley Hall
one of the first to do empirical research on children
Founder of APA
Founder of child/adolescent psych
John Watson: Behaviorist
Psychology as the Behaviorist View it, criticized psychology for focuses too much on mental stuff, not on the environment.
Parents hold all responsibility for children
Emotions and thought acquire by learning
Goal is predict behavioral responses to particular stimuli
Psych shouldn’t look at consciousness, imagination, mental states
Arnold Gesell: Nativist
Development as maturational/biological process
Nativist: development is biologically based
Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic orientation- arose from clinical work
Theories stress the role of subconscious conflicts in the development of functioning and personality
Jean Piaget: Cognitive Structuralist
children active in their own development
Cross sectional
I’m looking at 3 different ages groups
Longitudinal
I’m looking at the same group, across 3 different times
Sequential cohort
combine cross sectional and longitudinal methods
Clinical method/case study method
a detailed look at the development/environment of a particular child
Basic unit of heredity
gene
alternative forms of genes
allele
Humans have ___ chromosomes. ___ homologous pairs, ___ autosomes
46
23
22 autosome pairs
You have __% genes in common with each parent and __% genes in common with each sibling
50% for both
R.C Tyon’s studies on inheritance of rat maze running
Maze bright vs. Maze dull
Differences got stronger with each generation
Performance of the two groups was different only on the type of maze he used
___ studies cannot distinguish shared environment factors from genetic factors
Family studies
What helps distinguish effects of shared environment and genetics?
Twin studies.
Show personality somewhat heritable
Is IQ heritable?
Yes, adopted children’s IQ more similar to biological parents
Lewis Terman’s study (IQ)
First to look at gifted children
Disorders: Down’s Syndrome
3x chromosome 21
intellectual disability
older parents
Disorders: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Degenerative disease of nervous system
enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine, amino acid in milk and other foods, is lacking
Disorders: Klinefelter’s syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
K: XXY, sterile and intellectual disability
T: X, physical abnormalities
Conception
in fallopian tubes, the gametes meet
Fertilized egg
zygote
Germinal Period
2 weeks from conception. Fertilized eggs travels down fallopian tube and implants into the uterine wall
Embryonic Stage
lasts 8 weeks.
Embryo increases in size by about 2 million percent, or about 20,000 times.
Develops human appearance. Fingers, toes, genitals. first behaviors occur, nerve cells develop.
Fetal period
begins in the third month with measurable electrical activity in the fetus’ brain
continues to grow in size
Fetal Environment
Temperature/chemical balance are homeostatically controlled and remain relatively constant.
Attached to uterine wall/placenta by umbilical cord
Placenta transmits nutrients to fetus while returning waste-laden blood to the mother..
Maternal blood supplies much of the proteins and amino acids needed for growth, although embryo begins to produce them as well.
Infants whose mothers get rubella or German Measles before the end of the second month run risk of
cataracts, deafness, heart defects, and intellectual disability
Thalidomide
drug that made babies have missing limbs, heart defects, defects in eyes/ears, digestive tract, kidneys
Leading cause of abnormal development in infants?
Maternal malnutrition
protein deficiency: retard growth, intellectual disability, reduce immunities to disease
Reflex
behavior that occurs automatically in response to given stimulus.
Rooting Reflex
Infants automatically turn their heads in direction of stimuli applied to cheek
Moro Reflex
Infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, brining their arms back to their body, essentially hugging themselves
Babinski Reflex
Infants’ toes automatically spread apart when soles of their feet are stimulated
Grasping Reflex
Infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands
Jean Piaget’s schemata
Infants: behavioral schemata, characterized by action tendencies
Older children: operational schemata, more abstract representation of cognition
Piaget’s adaption
1) Assimilation: process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata
2) Accommodation: new information doesn’t fit into existing schemata, modify existing schemata to adapt new information
Piaget Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage
The first stage lasting from birth to 18-24 months.
- Primary Circular Reactions: infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement. (Goal-directed behavior, motions concerned with body)
- Secondary Circular Reactions: directed towards manipulation of objects in the environment.
- Object Permanence: child realizes objects continue to exist even though the child cannot perceive their existence. Beings of representational thought.
Piaget Stage 2: Preoperational
Some time between 18-24 months, lasts until 7 years of age
Skills:
Representational thought, creativity, insight milestones signal the transition
Limitations:
- Centration: tendency to focus only on one aspect of phenomenon.
- Egocentrism: Ex: I know I have a brother, but does my brother have a sister?
- Conservation: physical properties of matter don’t change just because the appearance of matter changes
Piaget Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage
ages 7-11
master conservation and taking other’s perspectives into account.
Difficulty with abstract thought
Piaget Stage 4: Formal Operations
Teenager
think like scientists
Ex: pendulum experiment, can hold one variable constant, but change the other ones to find length of string alone effects frequency
Piaget’s ideas about language
how we use language depends what stage we’re in
Development of thought that directed the development of language
Criticism of Piaget
Clinical Method, Piaget’s preference of observation > statistics.
Lee Vygotsky’s work
Sociocultural
internalization of various interpersonal/cultural rules drives cognitive development in children
zone of proximal development- skills/abilities not fully developed but in process of development
(|ability on test - ability on test with adult help|)
Phonology
actual sound stem of language
The ability to distinguish between differences in sound that do not denote differences in meaning and those differences in sound that do denote differences in meaning
Categorical Perception
English has ___ phonemes, or ___ ___
40, speech sounds
Semantics
learning of word meanings
Syntax
how words are put together to form sentences
effect of word order on meaning
Pragmatics
actual efficient use of language
same sentence: depends on how you say it. ex: I never said he stole her money. ex: I NEVER said he stole her money. I never SAID he stole her money. I never said HE stole her money. Etc.
Lenneberg, Rebelsky, and Nichols study on Babbling
same age for hearing and deaf parents
reaching highest frequency between 9-12 months
deaf children stop verbal noise when hand babbling begins
A toddler’s use of a single word to express a complete thought is known as
holophrasis
When does a child begin combining words?
between 18-20 months
What shows knowledge of language?
ability to produce novel grammatically correct sentences and spot grammatically incorrect ones
Errors of growth
I runned to the store
Hisself vs. himself
over generalization
Noam Chomsky: innate capacity for language acquisition.
children have innate capacity for language, get it by age 5, but older adults struggle to pick up a second language
Chomsky: Transformational Grammar
Focused on syntactic transformations: changes in word order that differ with meaning.
Effortless, thought to be innate
Language acquisition device (LAD)
innate capacity for language acquisition
thought to be triggered by exposure to language.
Enables infants to listen to and process sounds
Genie’s language development
isolated ages 2-13
able to learn some aspects of syntax, unable to master others.
sensitive period instead of critical.
Sensitive period= environmental input has maximal effect on the development of a particular ability.
Freud’s Oral Stage
0-1 years
gratification by putting things in mouth, biting/sucking.
Libidinal energy at mouth
adult fixation= excessive dependency
Freud’s Anal Stage
1-3 Years
Libido centered on anus
Gratification by elimination/retention of waste
Fixation = excessive orderliness or sloppiness
Freud’s Phallic Stage
3-5 Years
Oedipal/Electra conflict
Identify with same sex parent, establish sexual identity and internalizing moral values.
Freud’s Latency Stage
Until puberty reached
libido sublimated
Freud’s Genital Stages
Puberty
Healthy heterosexual relationships
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial theory
development is sequence of central life crises that must be resolved
Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust stage
1st year of life
Resolved: trust his/her environment and themselves
Mistrust: always suspicious of the world
Erikson’s Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
1-3 years
Resolved: feeling of will/choice/self-restraint
unfavorable outcome: I can’t control anything, what happens is due to external forces
Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6 years
favorable outcomes include purpose, the ability to initiate activities, and the ability to enjoy accomplishment.
If guilt wins, fear of punishment, or overcompensate by showing off
Erikson’s Industry vs. inferiority
6-12 years
Favorable: competent use of intelligence
unfavorable: inability to act in a competent manner, low self-esteem
Erikson’s Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence
Favorable: unique and integrated person
unfavorable: confusion of one’s identity
Erickson’s Intimacy vs. isolation
Young adulthood
Favorable: love, commitment, intimate relationships
unfavorable: withdrawn, only superficial relationships
Erickson’s Generativity vs. Stagnation
middle age
favorable: capable of productive member of society
unfavorable: self indulgent, self centered
Erickson’s Integrity vs. despair
old age
favorable: wisdom, acceptance that life was good
unfavorable: fear of death
Temperament
central aspect of personality
Pattern of responding to environment
1) heritable (somewhat)
2) emerges early in life
3) stable over time
4) pervasive across situations
Thomas and Chess’s temperament
easy, slow to warm up, difficult
Jerome Kagan’s temperament research
temperament strong predictor of adult behaviors
Peter Wolff’s Crying
basic cry = hunger
angry cry, pain cry
even nonparents have heart rate accelerations to infant pain cry.
2nd month- infants learn caregivers respond to crying
Social Smiling
smiling associated with facelike patterns
5 months- only familiar faces produce smiles
Fear Response
undifferentiated to increasingly specific
1) fear =change in level of stimulation (ex: turn on light)
2) 1st year= separation anxiety/stranger
3) after 1st year, fear for sudden absence of individual (mom/dad), or presence of object/person who in the past has been harmful to child.
Emotional response context dependent
Harry Harlow’s bonding
monkey- wire and cloth
John Bowlby’s orphans
1940s orphanages- lacked intimate bodily contact
Children were timid and antisocial
1) pre attachment phase- infant reacts identically to every adult and smiling face
2) 3 months- infant discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar faces
3) 6 months- infant seeks out and responses specifically to mother
4) 9-12 months, child expresses stranger anxiety, fear of strangers
5) second year, absence with strong protest (separation anxiety).
6) third year, child is able to separate from mother without prolonged distress
Mary Ainsworth
strange situation procedure
1) child explores and plays
2) stranger comes in, talks to mom/plays with infant
3) mother leaves and stranger interacts with infant
4) mother comes back and stranger leaves
5) infant alone
6) stranger returns and interacts
7) mom back, stranger leaves
Type A) insecure avoidant
Type B) Secure
Type C) insecure/resistant
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting- rapid formation of an attachment bond between an organism and an object in the environment
imprinting during critical and sensitive periods
Lawrence Kohlberg
Moral stages
1) Preconventional morality - punishment/dessert
- -> punishment/obedience
- -> instrumental relativist stage: orientation toward reciprocity
2) Conventional phase of morality - based on social rules
- -> “good girl, nice boy”- seek approval of others
- -> Authority: law/order orientation
3) Post conventional morality
- -> Social contract orientation- moral rules convention designed to ensure great good
- -> universal ethical principles
Heinz’s dilemma Kohlberg’s stages
Heinz steals drugs for his wife despite druggist saying he will not lower the price.
Decision not important, process that underlies it.
Carol Gilligan criticizing Kohlberg
females/males different morality
Females- more relationships and social responsibility
Kohlberg’s gender labeling
2-3 years
they are a member of a particular sex
Kohlberg’s gender stability
3-4 years
children can predict that they will still be a girl/boy when they grow up
Kohlberg’s gender consistency
4-7 years
children understand the permanency of gender, regardless of what one wears or how one behaves
Martin and Halverson’s Gender schematic processing theory
as soon as children can label themselves, they begin concentrating on behaviors associated with their gender, pay less attention to those associated with opposite gender
Diana Baumrind AuthoritariAN parents
controlling, lack warmth
that good ones are TIVE
