Developmental Psychology Flashcards
When were children actually depicted in their own costumes and pictured at play
Renaissance era
John Locke along with
Thomas Hobbs/George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, and John Stuart
Formed British Empiricist school of thought
All knowledge is gain by experience
mind is tabula rasa/blank slate
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Opposed Locke
Society opposes optimal development
Book: Emile: Concerning Education
Late 18th century baby biographies
Dairies that detailed physical/psych development
Most informative/useful kept by Charles Darwin= evolution
Functionalist system of thought
Mind’s function to help individual adapt to the environment.
G. Stanley Hall
one of the first to do empirical research on children
Founder of APA
Founder of child/adolescent psych
John Watson: Behaviorist
Psychology as the Behaviorist View it, criticized psychology for focuses too much on mental stuff, not on the environment.
Parents hold all responsibility for children
Emotions and thought acquire by learning
Goal is predict behavioral responses to particular stimuli
Psych shouldn’t look at consciousness, imagination, mental states
Arnold Gesell: Nativist
Development as maturational/biological process
Nativist: development is biologically based
Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic orientation- arose from clinical work
Theories stress the role of subconscious conflicts in the development of functioning and personality
Jean Piaget: Cognitive Structuralist
children active in their own development
Cross sectional
I’m looking at 3 different ages groups
Longitudinal
I’m looking at the same group, across 3 different times
Sequential cohort
combine cross sectional and longitudinal methods
Clinical method/case study method
a detailed look at the development/environment of a particular child
Basic unit of heredity
gene
alternative forms of genes
allele
Humans have ___ chromosomes. ___ homologous pairs, ___ autosomes
46
23
22 autosome pairs
You have __% genes in common with each parent and __% genes in common with each sibling
50% for both
R.C Tyon’s studies on inheritance of rat maze running
Maze bright vs. Maze dull
Differences got stronger with each generation
Performance of the two groups was different only on the type of maze he used
___ studies cannot distinguish shared environment factors from genetic factors
Family studies
What helps distinguish effects of shared environment and genetics?
Twin studies.
Show personality somewhat heritable
Is IQ heritable?
Yes, adopted children’s IQ more similar to biological parents
Lewis Terman’s study (IQ)
First to look at gifted children
Disorders: Down’s Syndrome
3x chromosome 21
intellectual disability
older parents
Disorders: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Degenerative disease of nervous system
enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine, amino acid in milk and other foods, is lacking
Disorders: Klinefelter’s syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
K: XXY, sterile and intellectual disability
T: X, physical abnormalities
Conception
in fallopian tubes, the gametes meet
Fertilized egg
zygote
Germinal Period
2 weeks from conception. Fertilized eggs travels down fallopian tube and implants into the uterine wall
Embryonic Stage
lasts 8 weeks.
Embryo increases in size by about 2 million percent, or about 20,000 times.
Develops human appearance. Fingers, toes, genitals. first behaviors occur, nerve cells develop.
Fetal period
begins in the third month with measurable electrical activity in the fetus’ brain
continues to grow in size
Fetal Environment
Temperature/chemical balance are homeostatically controlled and remain relatively constant.
Attached to uterine wall/placenta by umbilical cord
Placenta transmits nutrients to fetus while returning waste-laden blood to the mother..
Maternal blood supplies much of the proteins and amino acids needed for growth, although embryo begins to produce them as well.
Infants whose mothers get rubella or German Measles before the end of the second month run risk of
cataracts, deafness, heart defects, and intellectual disability
Thalidomide
drug that made babies have missing limbs, heart defects, defects in eyes/ears, digestive tract, kidneys
Leading cause of abnormal development in infants?
Maternal malnutrition
protein deficiency: retard growth, intellectual disability, reduce immunities to disease
Reflex
behavior that occurs automatically in response to given stimulus.
Rooting Reflex
Infants automatically turn their heads in direction of stimuli applied to cheek
Moro Reflex
Infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, brining their arms back to their body, essentially hugging themselves