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Clinical (personality/abnormal) Flashcards

1
Q

William Sheldon’s early theory of personality

A

Body type = personality

Endomorphy: Soft and Spherical
Mesomorphy: Hard/muscular/rectangular
Ectomorphy: thin, fragile, lightly muscled

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2
Q

E.G. Boring suggested development of psychology is primarily due to…

A

Zeitgeist or the changing spirit of the times

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3
Q

Edward Titchener’s Method of Introspection

A

formed the system of structuralism, the first major school of psychology

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4
Q

Whose theory of personality was the first comprehensive theory on personality and abnormal psychology?

A

Sigmund Freud

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5
Q

Humanism

A

mid 20th century

Opposition to psychoanalysis/behaviorism

Free will/people as wholes

Abraham Maslow/Carl Rogers

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6
Q

Who, in Paris, in 1792, was the guy who took the dark terrible places for the mentally ill and said we should treat them with kindness

A

Philippe Pinel

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7
Q

US advocate for mentally ill

A

Dorothea Dix

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8
Q

Who, 1883, was the first person to note symptoms of disorders and specific disorders in what became the DSM?

A

Emil Kraepelin

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9
Q

General Paresis

A 
Symptoms: 
delusions of grandeur
mental deterioration 
eventual paralysis 
death

symptoms of syphilis

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10
Q

Bad treatments for schizophrenia

A

1) Cerletti and Bini (1938) –> electroshock could cure schizophrenia (wrong)
2) prefrontal lobotomies (1935-1955) –>no cure, just made them easier to handle

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11
Q

What ~actually~ cures schizophrenia

A

antipsychotic drugs

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12
Q

Personality Theory #1: Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic theory of personality

A

unconscious internal states motivate overt actions/personality

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13
Q

Id

A

reservoir of all psychic energy
everything psychological birth –> death

Pleasure principle: immediately discharge energy buildup.

Primary process: id’s response to frustration “satisfaction now, not later”
ex: wish fulfillment through imaginative thinking (image good/relationship)

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14
Q

Ego

A

secondary process: ego making id’s wants compatible with reality

Reality principle: accounting for reality as it inhibits or guides id and it’s pleasure search. Inhibit pleasure until the object of satisfaction is found.

Organization of id- receiving power from the id, can’t be independent of id.

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15
Q

Superego

A

Not in touch with reality, wants ideal not real

Moral branch: strives for perfection (not pleasure)

1) Conscience- provides rules/norms about bad behavior (punish)
2) Ego-ideal- rules for good appropriate behavior (reward)

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16
Q

Freud’s Instinct

A

innate psychological representation of bodily excitation

1) life instinct - EROS- hunger, thirst, sex, libido
2) death instinct- THANATOS- unconscious wish for ultimate absolute state of quiescence

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17
Q

Freud’s defense mechanisms are used for what

A

ego releasing excessive anxiety pressure

1) deny, falsify, distort reality
2) they operate unconscious

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18
Q

Defense Mechanism: Repression

A

unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories

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19
Q

Defense Mechanism: Suppression

A

deliberate conscious form of forgetting

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20
Q

Defense Mechanism: Projection

A

Attributes forbidden urges to others.

ex: I hate my uncle –> my uncle hates me

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21
Q

Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation

A

repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite

ex: you yell at me for being mean to someone, I now shower them with affection

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22
Q

Defense Mechanism: Rationalization

A

developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior/thoughts

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23
Q

Defense Mechanism: Regression

A

person reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to traumatic event

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24
Q

Defense Mechanism: Sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

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25
Defense Mechanism: Displacement
pent-up feelings (often hostility) are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings. ex: my boss harasses me so I'll go home and harass my children.
26
Carl Jung- psychodynamic
libido as psychic energy in general, not just sex unconscious can be personal but also collective unconscious shared between everyone with residues of experiences of early ancestors Collective unconscious has images of common experiences, having parents. Archetypes- thought/image that has an emotional element
27
Jung's Archetypes: 1) Persona 2) Anima/Animus 3) Shadow 4) Self
Persona- mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention. Amina- feminine behaviors, animus-masculine shadow- animal instincts, appearance in consciousness and behavior of unpleasant/socially bad thoughts, feelings, actions. self- striving for unity, mandala "magic circle"
28
Jung had what?
Myer's Briggs 4 letter types
29
Alfred Alder's psychodynamic theory
immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors inferiority complex STRIVING TOWARDS SUPERIORITY drives personality Striving enhances personality when socially oriented
30
Alder's concepts: Creative self style of life Fictional finalism What are human goals based on?
Creative self- force by which each individual shapes her uniqueness and makes her personality Style of Life- manifestation of creative self and describes person's unique way of achieving superiority Fictional Finalism- individual is motivated more by her expectations of the future than by past experiences. Human goals are based on subjective/fictional estimate of life's values rather than objective data from the past
31
Karen Horney (psychodynamic)
``` neurotic personality = 1/10 needs Examples: 1) affection/approval 2) need to exploit others 3) need for self-sufficiency 4) independence ``` Difference between healthy: 1) super intense 2) indiscriminate in application 3) disregard reality 4) provoke intense anxiety Pick only 1 strategy (healthy people discern based on situation) 1) move toward people 2) move away/fight people 3) withdraw from people
32
Ann freud founded
ego psychology direct investigation of conscious ego
33
Erik Erickson's psychodynamic
ego psychology direct extension of psychoanalysis to psychosocial realm. Reworked Freud's stages to cover whole life span
34
Object relations theory
object refers to symbolic representation of significant part of child's personality. look at creation/development of internalized object in children. Important names: Klein, Winnicott, Mahler, Kernberg
35
Psychodynamic treatment: Psychoanalysis
uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts from psychosexual problems. use energy put in repression to good use
36
Psychoanalysis treatments: 1) Hypnosis 2) Free association 3) Dream Interpretation 4) Resistance 5) Transference
1) Hypnosis- free repressed thoughts from patient's unconscious 2) free association- clients says whatever comes to her conscious mind regardless of how personal, painful, or irrelevant it may appear to be. 3) dream interpretation- mind freer to express forbidden desires in dreams 4) resistance- unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts/experiences. ex: forgetting dreams, missing therapy, blocking associations 5) transference- attributing therapist attitudes/feelings that developed in patient's relations with significant others in the past
37
Countertransference
therapist experiences a full array of emotions toward the patient at various points in treatments
38
Non Freudian approaches to classic psychoanalysis involve
current interpersonal relationships > childhood
39
Behaviorists: John Dollard and Neal Miller
conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in development of personality
40
Behaviorists: B.F. Skinner
personality is collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist
41
Behaviorists: Albert Bandura's social learning theory
modeling observed behavior. learning occurs not only by having one's own behavior reinforced but also by observing other's behaviors (vicarious reinforcements)
42
Who did learned helplessness with dogs?
Martin seligman
43
Behaviors consider behavior to ___ the disorder Has been successful helping ___
Be Phobias, impulse control Personal care
44
CBt
Change irrational thought Beck’s for depression Ellis for rational/emotion
45
Symptom substitution
Psychoanalysts think new behaviors will just replace old ones
46
Phenomenological theorists emphasize
Internal processes Us from animals
47
Lewis’s theory
Personality is dynamic and constantly changing
48
Maslow’s need hierarchy traits of self actualized
``` Non holistic humor Creative Original Spontaneous Privacy ``` Peak experiences: deeply moving experiences in a person’s life that have important and lasting effects on the individual
49
Who thought... Individual = scientist Anxious person has difficulty constructing/understanding environment Psychotherapy- goal to acquire new constructs to predict troubling events
Kelly
50
Humanistic-existential therapies
Finding meaning in life by making ones own choices Empathy, understanding, positive affirmation
51
Carl rogers
Person/client/no direct therapy Control who you are Be who you think you are Unconditional positive reguard
52
Victor frankl
Nazi camp survivor Mental illness = meaningless life
53
Type vs. trait theorists
Type- characterize people by personality type Trait- fundamentals of personality
54
What trait theorist had 16 traits using factor analysis
Cattell
55
Who used factor analysis to get intro/extra version, stability-neuroticism, psychoticism
Eysenck
56
Allport’s 3 dispositions: 1. Cardinal 2. CENTRAL 3. Secondary
Cardinal- person organizes life around Central- major personality traits Secondary- personal traits more limited in occurrence
57
Functional autonomy
Activity or behavior becomes the end/goal itself
58
Idiographic vs. nomothetic personality approach
Idiographic/morphogenic-studying personality focuses on individual case studies Nomothetic/dimensional- focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals
59
Need for achievement
David mcClelland Avoid high risk Realistic goals
60
Field Dependence
Herman Witkin relationship between personality and perception of the world One pole: capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (field independence) Other pole: diffuse response to perceived mass of undifferentiated stimuli (field dependence) Ex: High dependent- influence by opinions of others, can't distinguish own ideas
61
Locus of control
Julian Rotter Internal- more self-esteem, attribute failure to bad luck/task difficulty
62
Machiavellian
manipulator, don't trust people, the world sucks
63
Sandra Bem's Androgyny
simultaneously very feminine and masculine
64
Mischel: Criticizing personality
human behavior is determined by characteristics of situation, not person
65
Neurodevelopmental disorders
ADHD, Autism, Tourettes, you know it
66
Schizophrenia Define: +/- symptoms Delusion vs. hallucination
Bleuler coined term in 1911 Pervious Dementia Praecox Mind split from reality Positive symptoms- it shouldn't be there, but it is Negative symptoms- absence of what should be there Delusion- false beliefs (reference, persecution, grandeur) Hallucinations- sensory stimuli Disorganized thought-loose associations
67
Neologism (schizo)
invent new words
68
Blunting
Severe reduction in intensity of affect expression
69
Flat affect
no signs of affective expression
70
Inappropriate affect
affect is discordant with content of speech of ideation
71
Catatonic motor behavior
extreme behaviors, spontaneous movement and activity, which can be greatly reduced or rigid posture. Or useless and bizarre movements
72
Prodromal phase
Pre-schizo poor adjustment deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning , peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect. Followed by active phase
73
Process vs. Reactive schizophrenia
Process-slow and insidious development | Reactive- intense/sudden, better chance of recovery
74
Dopamine hypothesis of schizo
Excess dopamine, or dopamine is normal, but oversensitivity to it.
75
Double-bind hypothesis of schizophrenia
as a child, person received contradictory/incompatible messages from primary caregiver, see reality as unreliable.
76
MDD symptoms need at least
2 weeks
77
Bipolar 1 vs. 2
2 has hypomania- less crazy
78
Persistant DD (dysthymia) and cyclothymic
less severe symptoms than depression/bipolar
79
Mood theory neurotransmitters
Too much norepinephrine/serotonin = mania | too little = depression
80
PMS (20% women) if severe is called...
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)
81
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
in childhood negative mood accompanied by poor control of temper, even at minor things
82
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders
Body dysmorphic- believe they're misshapen/ugly Hoarding Trichotillomania- hair pulling Excoriation- skin picking disorder
83
Somatoform/somatic symptom disorders
physical symptoms that suggest condition, not fully explain by medicine not faking illness, believes they have it Conversion disorder- unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor/sensory function. Illness anxiety disorder- fears based on misinterpretation of 1+ bodily signs, continue after medical exams
84
Dissociative Disorders
Avoids stress by dissociating/escaping identity Otherwise has an intact sense of reality Dissociative amnesia- inability to recall past experience Dissociative fugue- amnesia that accompanies sudden unexpected move away from one's home/location of usual activity. may assume new identity D. Identity- 2+ personalities. Most cases, suffered severe physical/sexual abuse. Depersonalization disorder- person feels detached, like outside observer of her mental process/behavior
85
Schizoid personality disorder
detachment form social relationships, restricted range of emotional expression. Little desire for social interaction, few friends, poor social skills
86
Narcissistic
grandiose sense of self-importance/uniqueness preoccupation with fantasies of success Need for attention Poor self esteem, constantly care about how others view them.
87
Borderline
pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image. intense/unstable relationships. unclear self-image, sexual identity, long term values. Intense fear of abandonment
88
Antisocial personality disorder
psychopathic/sociopathic disorder- essential feature is pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, and/or a lack of remorse for said actions.
89
Diathesis-stress model
Examine causes of mental disorders Diathesis-predisposition towards developing a specific mental disorder Excess stress triggers it
90
Efforts to seek out and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness is called
primary prevention
91
Sane in an insane place? Controversial study by..
David Rosenhan
92
Who critiqued label of mentally ill, and it's not really an illness?
Thomas Szasz

GRE Psychology (7 decks)

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