Clinical (personality/abnormal) Flashcards
William Sheldon’s early theory of personality
Body type = personality
Endomorphy: Soft and Spherical
Mesomorphy: Hard/muscular/rectangular
Ectomorphy: thin, fragile, lightly muscled
E.G. Boring suggested development of psychology is primarily due to…
Zeitgeist or the changing spirit of the times
Edward Titchener’s Method of Introspection
formed the system of structuralism, the first major school of psychology
Whose theory of personality was the first comprehensive theory on personality and abnormal psychology?
Sigmund Freud
Humanism
mid 20th century
Opposition to psychoanalysis/behaviorism
Free will/people as wholes
Abraham Maslow/Carl Rogers
Who, in Paris, in 1792, was the guy who took the dark terrible places for the mentally ill and said we should treat them with kindness
Philippe Pinel
US advocate for mentally ill
Dorothea Dix
Who, 1883, was the first person to note symptoms of disorders and specific disorders in what became the DSM?
Emil Kraepelin
General Paresis
Symptoms: delusions of grandeur mental deterioration eventual paralysis death
symptoms of syphilis
Bad treatments for schizophrenia
1) Cerletti and Bini (1938) –> electroshock could cure schizophrenia (wrong)
2) prefrontal lobotomies (1935-1955) –>no cure, just made them easier to handle
What ~actually~ cures schizophrenia
antipsychotic drugs
Personality Theory #1: Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic theory of personality
unconscious internal states motivate overt actions/personality
Id
reservoir of all psychic energy
everything psychological birth –> death
Pleasure principle: immediately discharge energy buildup.
Primary process: id’s response to frustration “satisfaction now, not later”
ex: wish fulfillment through imaginative thinking (image good/relationship)
Ego
secondary process: ego making id’s wants compatible with reality
Reality principle: accounting for reality as it inhibits or guides id and it’s pleasure search. Inhibit pleasure until the object of satisfaction is found.
Organization of id- receiving power from the id, can’t be independent of id.
Superego
Not in touch with reality, wants ideal not real
Moral branch: strives for perfection (not pleasure)
1) Conscience- provides rules/norms about bad behavior (punish)
2) Ego-ideal- rules for good appropriate behavior (reward)
Freud’s Instinct
innate psychological representation of bodily excitation
1) life instinct - EROS- hunger, thirst, sex, libido
2) death instinct- THANATOS- unconscious wish for ultimate absolute state of quiescence
Freud’s defense mechanisms are used for what
ego releasing excessive anxiety pressure
1) deny, falsify, distort reality
2) they operate unconscious
Defense Mechanism: Repression
unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories
Defense Mechanism: Suppression
deliberate conscious form of forgetting
Defense Mechanism: Projection
Attributes forbidden urges to others.
ex: I hate my uncle –> my uncle hates me
Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation
repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
ex: you yell at me for being mean to someone, I now shower them with affection
Defense Mechanism: Rationalization
developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior/thoughts
Defense Mechanism: Regression
person reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to traumatic event
Defense Mechanism: Sublimation
transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
Defense Mechanism: Displacement
pent-up feelings (often hostility) are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings.
ex: my boss harasses me so I’ll go home and harass my children.
Carl Jung- psychodynamic
libido as psychic energy in general, not just sex
unconscious can be personal but also collective unconscious shared between everyone with residues of experiences of early ancestors
Collective unconscious has images of common experiences, having parents.
Archetypes- thought/image that has an emotional element
Jung’s Archetypes:
1) Persona
2) Anima/Animus
3) Shadow
4) Self
Persona- mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention.
Amina- feminine behaviors, animus-masculine
shadow- animal instincts, appearance in consciousness and behavior of unpleasant/socially bad thoughts, feelings, actions.
self- striving for unity, mandala “magic circle”
Jung had what?
Myer’s Briggs 4 letter types
Alfred Alder’s psychodynamic theory
immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors
inferiority complex
STRIVING TOWARDS SUPERIORITY drives personality
Striving enhances personality when socially oriented
Alder’s concepts:
Creative self
style of life
Fictional finalism
What are human goals based on?
Creative self- force by which each individual shapes her uniqueness and makes her personality
Style of Life- manifestation of creative self and describes person’s unique way of achieving superiority
Fictional Finalism- individual is motivated more by her expectations of the future than by past experiences.
Human goals are based on subjective/fictional estimate of life’s values rather than objective data from the past
Karen Horney (psychodynamic)
neurotic personality = 1/10 needs Examples: 1) affection/approval 2) need to exploit others 3) need for self-sufficiency 4) independence
Difference between healthy:
1) super intense
2) indiscriminate in application
3) disregard reality
4) provoke intense anxiety
Pick only 1 strategy (healthy people discern based on situation)
1) move toward people
2) move away/fight people
3) withdraw from people
Ann freud founded
ego psychology
direct investigation of conscious ego
Erik Erickson’s psychodynamic
ego psychology
direct extension of psychoanalysis to psychosocial realm.
Reworked Freud’s stages to cover whole life span
Object relations theory
object refers to symbolic representation of significant part of child’s personality.
look at creation/development of internalized object in children.
Important names: Klein, Winnicott, Mahler, Kernberg
Psychodynamic treatment: Psychoanalysis
uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts from psychosexual problems.
use energy put in repression to good use
Psychoanalysis treatments:
1) Hypnosis
2) Free association
3) Dream Interpretation
4) Resistance
5) Transference
1) Hypnosis- free repressed thoughts from patient’s unconscious
2) free association- clients says whatever comes to her conscious mind regardless of how personal, painful, or irrelevant it may appear to be.
3) dream interpretation- mind freer to express forbidden desires in dreams
4) resistance- unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts/experiences. ex: forgetting dreams, missing therapy, blocking associations
5) transference- attributing therapist attitudes/feelings that developed in patient’s relations with significant others in the past
Countertransference
therapist experiences a full array of emotions toward the patient at various points in treatments
Non Freudian approaches to classic psychoanalysis involve
current interpersonal relationships > childhood
Behaviorists: John Dollard and Neal Miller
conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in development of personality
Behaviorists: B.F. Skinner
personality is collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist
Behaviorists: Albert Bandura’s social learning theory
modeling observed behavior.
learning occurs not only by having one’s own behavior reinforced but also by observing other’s behaviors (vicarious reinforcements)
Who did learned helplessness with dogs?
Martin seligman
Behaviors consider behavior to ___ the disorder
Has been successful helping ___
Be
Phobias, impulse control
Personal care
CBt
Change irrational thought
Beck’s for depression
Ellis for rational/emotion
Symptom substitution
Psychoanalysts think new behaviors will just replace old ones
Phenomenological theorists emphasize
Internal processes
Us from animals
Lewis’s theory
Personality is dynamic and constantly changing
Maslow’s need hierarchy traits of self actualized
Non holistic humor Creative Original Spontaneous Privacy
Peak experiences: deeply moving experiences in a person’s life that have important and lasting effects on the individual
Who thought…
Individual = scientist
Anxious person has difficulty constructing/understanding environment
Psychotherapy- goal to acquire new constructs to predict troubling events
Kelly
Humanistic-existential therapies
Finding meaning in life by making ones own choices
Empathy, understanding, positive affirmation
Carl rogers
Person/client/no direct therapy
Control who you are
Be who you think you are
Unconditional positive reguard
Victor frankl
Nazi camp survivor
Mental illness = meaningless life
Type vs. trait theorists
Type- characterize people by personality type
Trait- fundamentals of personality
What trait theorist had 16 traits using factor analysis
Cattell
Who used factor analysis to get intro/extra version, stability-neuroticism, psychoticism
Eysenck
Allport’s 3 dispositions:
- Cardinal
- CENTRAL
- Secondary
Cardinal- person organizes life around
Central- major personality traits
Secondary- personal traits more limited in occurrence
Functional autonomy
Activity or behavior becomes the end/goal itself
Idiographic vs. nomothetic personality approach
Idiographic/morphogenic-studying personality focuses on individual case studies
Nomothetic/dimensional- focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals
Need for achievement
David mcClelland
Avoid high risk
Realistic goals
Field Dependence
Herman Witkin
relationship between personality and perception of the world
One pole: capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (field independence)
Other pole: diffuse response to perceived mass of undifferentiated stimuli (field dependence)
Ex:
High dependent- influence by opinions of others, can’t distinguish own ideas
Locus of control
Julian Rotter
Internal- more self-esteem, attribute failure to bad luck/task difficulty
Machiavellian
manipulator, don’t trust people, the world sucks
Sandra Bem’s Androgyny
simultaneously very feminine and masculine
Mischel: Criticizing personality
human behavior is determined by characteristics of situation, not person
Neurodevelopmental disorders
ADHD, Autism, Tourettes, you know it
Schizophrenia
Define:
+/- symptoms
Delusion vs. hallucination
Bleuler coined term in 1911
Pervious Dementia Praecox
Mind split from reality
Positive symptoms- it shouldn’t be there, but it is
Negative symptoms- absence of what should be there
Delusion- false beliefs (reference, persecution, grandeur)
Hallucinations- sensory stimuli
Disorganized thought-loose associations
Neologism (schizo)
invent new words
Blunting
Severe reduction in intensity of affect expression
Flat affect
no signs of affective expression
Inappropriate affect
affect is discordant with content of speech of ideation
Catatonic motor behavior
extreme behaviors, spontaneous movement and activity, which can be greatly reduced or rigid posture. Or useless and bizarre movements
Prodromal phase
Pre-schizo
poor adjustment
deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning , peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect. Followed by active phase
Process vs. Reactive schizophrenia
Process-slow and insidious development
Reactive- intense/sudden, better chance of recovery
Dopamine hypothesis of schizo
Excess dopamine, or dopamine is normal, but oversensitivity to it.
Double-bind hypothesis of schizophrenia
as a child, person received contradictory/incompatible messages from primary caregiver, see reality as unreliable.
MDD symptoms need at least
2 weeks
Bipolar 1 vs. 2
2 has hypomania- less crazy
Persistant DD (dysthymia) and cyclothymic
less severe symptoms than depression/bipolar
Mood theory neurotransmitters
Too much norepinephrine/serotonin = mania
too little = depression
PMS (20% women) if severe is called…
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
in childhood
negative mood accompanied by poor control of temper, even at minor things
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders
Body dysmorphic- believe they’re misshapen/ugly
Hoarding
Trichotillomania- hair pulling
Excoriation- skin picking disorder
Somatoform/somatic symptom disorders
physical symptoms that suggest condition, not fully explain by medicine
not faking illness, believes they have it
Conversion disorder- unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor/sensory function.
Illness anxiety disorder- fears based on misinterpretation of 1+ bodily signs, continue after medical exams
Dissociative Disorders
Avoids stress by dissociating/escaping identity
Otherwise has an intact sense of reality
Dissociative amnesia- inability to recall past experience
Dissociative fugue- amnesia that accompanies sudden unexpected move away from one’s home/location of usual activity. may assume new identity
D. Identity- 2+ personalities. Most cases, suffered severe physical/sexual abuse.
Depersonalization disorder- person feels detached, like outside observer of her mental process/behavior
Schizoid personality disorder
detachment form social relationships, restricted range of emotional expression.
Little desire for social interaction, few friends, poor social skills
Narcissistic
grandiose sense of self-importance/uniqueness
preoccupation with fantasies of success
Need for attention
Poor self esteem, constantly care about how others view them.
Borderline
pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image. intense/unstable relationships.
unclear self-image, sexual identity, long term values.
Intense fear of abandonment
Antisocial personality disorder
psychopathic/sociopathic disorder- essential feature is pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
Repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, and/or a lack of remorse for said actions.
Diathesis-stress model
Examine causes of mental disorders
Diathesis-predisposition towards developing a specific mental disorder
Excess stress triggers it
Efforts to seek out and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness is called
primary prevention
Sane in an insane place? Controversial study by..
David Rosenhan
Who critiqued label of mentally ill, and it’s not really an illness?
Thomas Szasz
