Clinical (personality/abnormal) Flashcards
William Sheldon’s early theory of personality
Body type = personality
Endomorphy: Soft and Spherical
Mesomorphy: Hard/muscular/rectangular
Ectomorphy: thin, fragile, lightly muscled
E.G. Boring suggested development of psychology is primarily due to…
Zeitgeist or the changing spirit of the times
Edward Titchener’s Method of Introspection
formed the system of structuralism, the first major school of psychology
Whose theory of personality was the first comprehensive theory on personality and abnormal psychology?
Sigmund Freud
Humanism
mid 20th century
Opposition to psychoanalysis/behaviorism
Free will/people as wholes
Abraham Maslow/Carl Rogers
Who, in Paris, in 1792, was the guy who took the dark terrible places for the mentally ill and said we should treat them with kindness
Philippe Pinel
US advocate for mentally ill
Dorothea Dix
Who, 1883, was the first person to note symptoms of disorders and specific disorders in what became the DSM?
Emil Kraepelin
General Paresis
Symptoms: delusions of grandeur mental deterioration eventual paralysis death
symptoms of syphilis
Bad treatments for schizophrenia
1) Cerletti and Bini (1938) –> electroshock could cure schizophrenia (wrong)
2) prefrontal lobotomies (1935-1955) –>no cure, just made them easier to handle
What ~actually~ cures schizophrenia
antipsychotic drugs
Personality Theory #1: Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic theory of personality
unconscious internal states motivate overt actions/personality
Id
reservoir of all psychic energy
everything psychological birth –> death
Pleasure principle: immediately discharge energy buildup.
Primary process: id’s response to frustration “satisfaction now, not later”
ex: wish fulfillment through imaginative thinking (image good/relationship)
Ego
secondary process: ego making id’s wants compatible with reality
Reality principle: accounting for reality as it inhibits or guides id and it’s pleasure search. Inhibit pleasure until the object of satisfaction is found.
Organization of id- receiving power from the id, can’t be independent of id.
Superego
Not in touch with reality, wants ideal not real
Moral branch: strives for perfection (not pleasure)
1) Conscience- provides rules/norms about bad behavior (punish)
2) Ego-ideal- rules for good appropriate behavior (reward)
Freud’s Instinct
innate psychological representation of bodily excitation
1) life instinct - EROS- hunger, thirst, sex, libido
2) death instinct- THANATOS- unconscious wish for ultimate absolute state of quiescence
Freud’s defense mechanisms are used for what
ego releasing excessive anxiety pressure
1) deny, falsify, distort reality
2) they operate unconscious
Defense Mechanism: Repression
unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories
Defense Mechanism: Suppression
deliberate conscious form of forgetting
Defense Mechanism: Projection
Attributes forbidden urges to others.
ex: I hate my uncle –> my uncle hates me
Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation
repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
ex: you yell at me for being mean to someone, I now shower them with affection
Defense Mechanism: Rationalization
developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior/thoughts
Defense Mechanism: Regression
person reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to traumatic event
Defense Mechanism: Sublimation
transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
Defense Mechanism: Displacement
pent-up feelings (often hostility) are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings.
ex: my boss harasses me so I’ll go home and harass my children.
Carl Jung- psychodynamic
libido as psychic energy in general, not just sex
unconscious can be personal but also collective unconscious shared between everyone with residues of experiences of early ancestors
Collective unconscious has images of common experiences, having parents.
Archetypes- thought/image that has an emotional element
Jung’s Archetypes:
1) Persona
2) Anima/Animus
3) Shadow
4) Self
Persona- mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention.
Amina- feminine behaviors, animus-masculine
shadow- animal instincts, appearance in consciousness and behavior of unpleasant/socially bad thoughts, feelings, actions.
self- striving for unity, mandala “magic circle”
Jung had what?
Myer’s Briggs 4 letter types
Alfred Alder’s psychodynamic theory
immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors
inferiority complex
STRIVING TOWARDS SUPERIORITY drives personality
Striving enhances personality when socially oriented
Alder’s concepts:
Creative self
style of life
Fictional finalism
What are human goals based on?
Creative self- force by which each individual shapes her uniqueness and makes her personality
Style of Life- manifestation of creative self and describes person’s unique way of achieving superiority
Fictional Finalism- individual is motivated more by her expectations of the future than by past experiences.
Human goals are based on subjective/fictional estimate of life’s values rather than objective data from the past
Karen Horney (psychodynamic)
neurotic personality = 1/10 needs Examples: 1) affection/approval 2) need to exploit others 3) need for self-sufficiency 4) independence
Difference between healthy:
1) super intense
2) indiscriminate in application
3) disregard reality
4) provoke intense anxiety
Pick only 1 strategy (healthy people discern based on situation)
1) move toward people
2) move away/fight people
3) withdraw from people
Ann freud founded
ego psychology
direct investigation of conscious ego
Erik Erickson’s psychodynamic
ego psychology
direct extension of psychoanalysis to psychosocial realm.
Reworked Freud’s stages to cover whole life span
Object relations theory
object refers to symbolic representation of significant part of child’s personality.
look at creation/development of internalized object in children.
Important names: Klein, Winnicott, Mahler, Kernberg
Psychodynamic treatment: Psychoanalysis
uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts from psychosexual problems.
use energy put in repression to good use
Psychoanalysis treatments:
1) Hypnosis
2) Free association
3) Dream Interpretation
4) Resistance
5) Transference
1) Hypnosis- free repressed thoughts from patient’s unconscious
2) free association- clients says whatever comes to her conscious mind regardless of how personal, painful, or irrelevant it may appear to be.
3) dream interpretation- mind freer to express forbidden desires in dreams
4) resistance- unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts/experiences. ex: forgetting dreams, missing therapy, blocking associations
5) transference- attributing therapist attitudes/feelings that developed in patient’s relations with significant others in the past