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GRE Psychology > Clinical (personality/abnormal) > Flashcards

Clinical (personality/abnormal) Flashcards

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1
Q

William Sheldon’s early theory of personality

A

Body type = personality

Endomorphy: Soft and Spherical
Mesomorphy: Hard/muscular/rectangular
Ectomorphy: thin, fragile, lightly muscled

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2
Q

E.G. Boring suggested development of psychology is primarily due to…

A

Zeitgeist or the changing spirit of the times

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3
Q

Edward Titchener’s Method of Introspection

A

formed the system of structuralism, the first major school of psychology

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4
Q

Whose theory of personality was the first comprehensive theory on personality and abnormal psychology?

A

Sigmund Freud

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5
Q

Humanism

A

mid 20th century

Opposition to psychoanalysis/behaviorism

Free will/people as wholes

Abraham Maslow/Carl Rogers

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6
Q

Who, in Paris, in 1792, was the guy who took the dark terrible places for the mentally ill and said we should treat them with kindness

A

Philippe Pinel

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7
Q

US advocate for mentally ill

A

Dorothea Dix

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8
Q

Who, 1883, was the first person to note symptoms of disorders and specific disorders in what became the DSM?

A

Emil Kraepelin

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9
Q

General Paresis

A 
Symptoms: 
delusions of grandeur
mental deterioration 
eventual paralysis 
death

symptoms of syphilis

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10
Q

Bad treatments for schizophrenia

A

1) Cerletti and Bini (1938) –> electroshock could cure schizophrenia (wrong)
2) prefrontal lobotomies (1935-1955) –>no cure, just made them easier to handle

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11
Q

What ~actually~ cures schizophrenia

A

antipsychotic drugs

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12
Q

Personality Theory #1: Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic theory of personality

A

unconscious internal states motivate overt actions/personality

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13
Q

Id

A

reservoir of all psychic energy
everything psychological birth –> death

Pleasure principle: immediately discharge energy buildup.

Primary process: id’s response to frustration “satisfaction now, not later”
ex: wish fulfillment through imaginative thinking (image good/relationship)

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14
Q

Ego

A

secondary process: ego making id’s wants compatible with reality

Reality principle: accounting for reality as it inhibits or guides id and it’s pleasure search. Inhibit pleasure until the object of satisfaction is found.

Organization of id- receiving power from the id, can’t be independent of id.

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15
Q

Superego

A

Not in touch with reality, wants ideal not real

Moral branch: strives for perfection (not pleasure)

1) Conscience- provides rules/norms about bad behavior (punish)
2) Ego-ideal- rules for good appropriate behavior (reward)

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16
Q

Freud’s Instinct

A

innate psychological representation of bodily excitation

1) life instinct - EROS- hunger, thirst, sex, libido
2) death instinct- THANATOS- unconscious wish for ultimate absolute state of quiescence

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17
Q

Freud’s defense mechanisms are used for what

A

ego releasing excessive anxiety pressure

1) deny, falsify, distort reality
2) they operate unconscious

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18
Q

Defense Mechanism: Repression

A

unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories

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19
Q

Defense Mechanism: Suppression

A

deliberate conscious form of forgetting

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20
Q

Defense Mechanism: Projection

A

Attributes forbidden urges to others.

ex: I hate my uncle –> my uncle hates me

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21
Q

Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation

A

repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite

ex: you yell at me for being mean to someone, I now shower them with affection

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22
Q

Defense Mechanism: Rationalization

A

developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior/thoughts

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23
Q

Defense Mechanism: Regression

A

person reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to traumatic event

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24
Q

Defense Mechanism: Sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

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25
Q

Defense Mechanism: Displacement

A

pent-up feelings (often hostility) are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings.

ex: my boss harasses me so I’ll go home and harass my children.

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26
Q

Carl Jung- psychodynamic

A

libido as psychic energy in general, not just sex

unconscious can be personal but also collective unconscious shared between everyone with residues of experiences of early ancestors

Collective unconscious has images of common experiences, having parents.
Archetypes- thought/image that has an emotional element

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27
Q

Jung’s Archetypes:

1) Persona
2) Anima/Animus
3) Shadow
4) Self

A

Persona- mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention.

Amina- feminine behaviors, animus-masculine

shadow- animal instincts, appearance in consciousness and behavior of unpleasant/socially bad thoughts, feelings, actions.

self- striving for unity, mandala “magic circle”

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28
Q

Jung had what?

A

Myer’s Briggs 4 letter types

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29
Q

Alfred Alder’s psychodynamic theory

A

immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors

inferiority complex
STRIVING TOWARDS SUPERIORITY drives personality
Striving enhances personality when socially oriented

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30
Q

Alder’s concepts:

Creative self

style of life

Fictional finalism

What are human goals based on?

A

Creative self- force by which each individual shapes her uniqueness and makes her personality

Style of Life- manifestation of creative self and describes person’s unique way of achieving superiority

Fictional Finalism- individual is motivated more by her expectations of the future than by past experiences.

Human goals are based on subjective/fictional estimate of life’s values rather than objective data from the past

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31
Q

Karen Horney (psychodynamic)

A 
neurotic personality = 1/10 needs 
Examples: 
1) affection/approval
2) need to exploit others
3) need for self-sufficiency 
4) independence

Difference between healthy:

1) super intense
2) indiscriminate in application
3) disregard reality
4) provoke intense anxiety

Pick only 1 strategy (healthy people discern based on situation)

1) move toward people
2) move away/fight people
3) withdraw from people

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32
Q

Ann freud founded

A

ego psychology

direct investigation of conscious ego

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33
Q

Erik Erickson’s psychodynamic

A

ego psychology

direct extension of psychoanalysis to psychosocial realm.

Reworked Freud’s stages to cover whole life span

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34
Q

Object relations theory

A

object refers to symbolic representation of significant part of child’s personality.

look at creation/development of internalized object in children.

Important names: Klein, Winnicott, Mahler, Kernberg

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35
Q

Psychodynamic treatment: Psychoanalysis

A

uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts from psychosexual problems.

use energy put in repression to good use

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36
Q

Psychoanalysis treatments:

1) Hypnosis
2) Free association
3) Dream Interpretation
4) Resistance
5) Transference

A

1) Hypnosis- free repressed thoughts from patient’s unconscious
2) free association- clients says whatever comes to her conscious mind regardless of how personal, painful, or irrelevant it may appear to be.
3) dream interpretation- mind freer to express forbidden desires in dreams
4) resistance- unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts/experiences. ex: forgetting dreams, missing therapy, blocking associations
5) transference- attributing therapist attitudes/feelings that developed in patient’s relations with significant others in the past

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37
Q

Countertransference

A

therapist experiences a full array of emotions toward the patient at various points in treatments

38
Q

Non Freudian approaches to classic psychoanalysis involve

A

current interpersonal relationships > childhood

39
Q

Behaviorists: John Dollard and Neal Miller

A

conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in development of personality

40
Q

Behaviorists: B.F. Skinner

A

personality is collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist

41
Q

Behaviorists: Albert Bandura’s social learning theory

A

modeling observed behavior.

learning occurs not only by having one’s own behavior reinforced but also by observing other’s behaviors (vicarious reinforcements)

42
Q

Who did learned helplessness with dogs?

A

Martin seligman

43
Q

Behaviors consider behavior to ___ the disorder

Has been successful helping ___

A

Be

Phobias, impulse control
Personal care

44
Q

CBt

A

Change irrational thought

Beck’s for depression
Ellis for rational/emotion

45
Q

Symptom substitution

A

Psychoanalysts think new behaviors will just replace old ones

46
Q

Phenomenological theorists emphasize

A

Internal processes

Us from animals

47
Q

Lewis’s theory

A

Personality is dynamic and constantly changing

48
Q

Maslow’s need hierarchy traits of self actualized

A 
Non holistic humor 
Creative
Original 
Spontaneous 
Privacy

Peak experiences: deeply moving experiences in a person’s life that have important and lasting effects on the individual

49
Q

Who thought…
Individual = scientist
Anxious person has difficulty constructing/understanding environment

Psychotherapy- goal to acquire new constructs to predict troubling events

A

Kelly

50
Q

Humanistic-existential therapies

A

Finding meaning in life by making ones own choices

Empathy, understanding, positive affirmation

51
Q

Carl rogers

A

Person/client/no direct therapy

Control who you are
Be who you think you are

Unconditional positive reguard

52
Q

Victor frankl

A

Nazi camp survivor

Mental illness = meaningless life

53
Q

Type vs. trait theorists

A

Type- characterize people by personality type

Trait- fundamentals of personality

54
Q

What trait theorist had 16 traits using factor analysis

A

Cattell

55
Q

Who used factor analysis to get intro/extra version, stability-neuroticism, psychoticism

A

Eysenck

56
Q

Allport’s 3 dispositions:

  1. Cardinal
  2. CENTRAL
  3. Secondary
A

Cardinal- person organizes life around

Central- major personality traits

Secondary- personal traits more limited in occurrence

57
Q

Functional autonomy

A

Activity or behavior becomes the end/goal itself

58
Q

Idiographic vs. nomothetic personality approach

A

Idiographic/morphogenic-studying personality focuses on individual case studies

Nomothetic/dimensional- focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals

59
Q

Need for achievement

A

David mcClelland

Avoid high risk

Realistic goals

60
Q

Field Dependence

A

Herman Witkin

relationship between personality and perception of the world

One pole: capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (field independence)
Other pole: diffuse response to perceived mass of undifferentiated stimuli (field dependence)

Ex:
High dependent- influence by opinions of others, can’t distinguish own ideas

61
Q

Locus of control

A

Julian Rotter

Internal- more self-esteem, attribute failure to bad luck/task difficulty

62
Q

Machiavellian

A

manipulator, don’t trust people, the world sucks

63
Q

Sandra Bem’s Androgyny

A

simultaneously very feminine and masculine

64
Q

Mischel: Criticizing personality

A

human behavior is determined by characteristics of situation, not person

65
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A

ADHD, Autism, Tourettes, you know it

66
Q

Schizophrenia

Define:
+/- symptoms
Delusion vs. hallucination

A

Bleuler coined term in 1911

Pervious Dementia Praecox
Mind split from reality

Positive symptoms- it shouldn’t be there, but it is
Negative symptoms- absence of what should be there
Delusion- false beliefs (reference, persecution, grandeur)
Hallucinations- sensory stimuli

Disorganized thought-loose associations

67
Q

Neologism (schizo)

A

invent new words

68
Q

Blunting

A

Severe reduction in intensity of affect expression

69
Q

Flat affect

A

no signs of affective expression

70
Q

Inappropriate affect

A

affect is discordant with content of speech of ideation

71
Q

Catatonic motor behavior

A

extreme behaviors, spontaneous movement and activity, which can be greatly reduced or rigid posture. Or useless and bizarre movements

72
Q

Prodromal phase

A

Pre-schizo
poor adjustment

deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning , peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect. Followed by active phase

73
Q

Process vs. Reactive schizophrenia

A

Process-slow and insidious development

Reactive- intense/sudden, better chance of recovery

74
Q

Dopamine hypothesis of schizo

A

Excess dopamine, or dopamine is normal, but oversensitivity to it.

75
Q

Double-bind hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

as a child, person received contradictory/incompatible messages from primary caregiver, see reality as unreliable.

76
Q

MDD symptoms need at least

A

2 weeks

77
Q

Bipolar 1 vs. 2

A

2 has hypomania- less crazy

78
Q

Persistant DD (dysthymia) and cyclothymic

A

less severe symptoms than depression/bipolar

79
Q

Mood theory neurotransmitters

A

Too much norepinephrine/serotonin = mania

too little = depression

80
Q

PMS (20% women) if severe is called…

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)

81
Q

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

A

in childhood

negative mood accompanied by poor control of temper, even at minor things

82
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders

A

Body dysmorphic- believe they’re misshapen/ugly
Hoarding
Trichotillomania- hair pulling
Excoriation- skin picking disorder

83
Q

Somatoform/somatic symptom disorders

A

physical symptoms that suggest condition, not fully explain by medicine
not faking illness, believes they have it

Conversion disorder- unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor/sensory function.

Illness anxiety disorder- fears based on misinterpretation of 1+ bodily signs, continue after medical exams

84
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Avoids stress by dissociating/escaping identity
Otherwise has an intact sense of reality

Dissociative amnesia- inability to recall past experience
Dissociative fugue- amnesia that accompanies sudden unexpected move away from one’s home/location of usual activity. may assume new identity

D. Identity- 2+ personalities. Most cases, suffered severe physical/sexual abuse.
Depersonalization disorder- person feels detached, like outside observer of her mental process/behavior

85
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

detachment form social relationships, restricted range of emotional expression.
Little desire for social interaction, few friends, poor social skills

86
Q

Narcissistic

A

grandiose sense of self-importance/uniqueness
preoccupation with fantasies of success
Need for attention

Poor self esteem, constantly care about how others view them.

87
Q

Borderline

A

pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image. intense/unstable relationships.

unclear self-image, sexual identity, long term values.
Intense fear of abandonment

88
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

psychopathic/sociopathic disorder- essential feature is pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

Repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, and/or a lack of remorse for said actions.

89
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Examine causes of mental disorders
Diathesis-predisposition towards developing a specific mental disorder

Excess stress triggers it

90
Q

Efforts to seek out and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness is called

A

primary prevention

91
Q

Sane in an insane place? Controversial study by..

A

David Rosenhan

92
Q

Who critiqued label of mentally ill, and it’s not really an illness?

A

Thomas Szasz

GRE Psychology (7 decks)

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