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GRE Psychology > Biological (sensation/perception; physiological) > Flashcards

Biological (sensation/perception; physiological) Flashcards

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1
Q

Gall developed Phrenology

A

trait well developed, that brain area expands, creates bulges in the skull.

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2
Q

Flourens was the first to study…

He used extirpation/ablation, which is…

A

the functions of the major section of the brains

extirpation/ablation: various parts of the brain surgically removed, behavioral consequences observed

removal of one part weaken whole brain

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3
Q

William James

A

Functionalism- studying how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

criticized the reflex arc, which breaks the process of reacting to stimulus into discrete parts

Said psych should look at whole person

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

Behavioral defects of people with brain damage.

First person to demonstrate functional impairment = brain lesion.

Broca area- unable to talk in left hemisphere frontal

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6
Q

Muller’s law of specific nerve energies

A

Each sensory neuron excited only by one kind of energy and brain interprets any stimulation of the nerve as that kind of energy.

Sensation depends more on part of the brain than on particular stimulus that activates them.

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7
Q

First to measure speed of nerve impulse

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

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8
Q

First to infer existence of synapses

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

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9
Q

afferent

A

Sensory to the brain

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10
Q

What is most popular type of neuron?

A

interneuron

mostly in brain stem, linked to reflexive behavior controlled by reflexive arcs (allows you to avoid pain)

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11
Q

CNS vs. PNS

A

CNS- brain/spinal cord

PNS- nerve tissue/fibers outside brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

PNS divisions

A

Somatic- sensory/motor neurons in skin/muscles

ANS- heartbeat, digestion, glandular. Involuntary functions/body temp

Parasympathetic- conserves energy. Resting/sleeping states, acts to reduce heart/respiration. Uses Acetylcholine.

Sympathetic-fight or flight. adrenaline

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

mesencephalon, sensorimotor reflexes that also promote survival

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14
Q

Hindbrain Vs. midbrain

A

hindbrain- balance, motor, breathing, digestion, sleeping, walking

midbrain- sensorimotor reflexes

together they are brainstem

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary development

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16
Q

Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata

A

regulating vital functions like breathing heartbeat, blood pressure

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17
Q

Hindbrain: pons

A

sensory/motor tracts between cortex and medulla

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18
Q

Hindbrain: cerebellum

A

structure that helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements

damage= slurred speech, clumsiness, loss of balance

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19
Q

Hindbrain: reticular formation

A

regulates arousal and alertness

Anesthetics cause unconsciousness by depressing activity of reticular formation

Arousals, Alertness, Attention

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20
Q

Midbrain: Superior Colliculus

A

receives visual sensory input

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21
Q

Midbrain: inferior colliculus

A

receives sensory information from auditory system.

Reflexive reaction to sudden noises.

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22
Q

Forebrain: thalamus

A

structure within forebrain that serves as an important relay station for incoming sensory information, including all sense.

Sensory relay

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23
Q

Hypothalamus:
lateral
Ventromedial
anterior

A

osmoregulation/homeostasis
arousal, aggression, sex
hunger, thirst, sex

Lateral- hunger
damage: aphagia- spot eating (Lacking hunger)
Also rage/fight behaviors

Ventromedial- satiety center, brain lesions to this area usually lead to obesity (hyperphagia/excessive eating)
very hungry

anterior hypothalamus- increase in aggressive sexual behavior
damage= asexual

Feeding, fighting, fleeing, and f*cking

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24
Q

extrapyramidal motor system

A

gathers info about body position, carries info to brain/spinal cord, movements smooth, posture steady.

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25
Q

limbic system: septal nuclei

A

primary pleasure centers
stimuli is intensely pleasurable/sexually arousing. if damaged, aggressive behavior unchecked

Inhibits aggression, if damaged, septal rage

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26
Q

lesion of amygdala

A

aggression/fear reduced
docility and hypersexual states

studied by kluver/bucy, identified changes as Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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27
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

not being able to establish new long term memories

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28
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss of pervious events

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29
Q

bumps and folds on cortex called

A

convolutions

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30
Q

Frontal lobe

A

prefrontal lobes/motor cortex

directs operations of other brain regions, perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long term planning. The prefrontal cortex thus governs and integrates numerous cognitive and behavioral process

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31
Q

association area

A

areas that combines input from diverse brain regions

ex: prefrontal cortex

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32
Q

projection areas

A

receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands

visual cortex-receives visual input from retina
motor cortex- sends out motor commands

33
Q

in humans, association areas larger than projection areas, however

A

opposite in animals

34
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

somatosensory cortex- projection area, destination of sensory signals

spatial processing

35
Q

temporal lobes

A 
auditory 
Wernike's area- understand speech 
memory 
emotional control 
language
36
Q

Contra vs. ipsilaterally

A

conta-opposite side

ipsilaterally-same side

37
Q

Who did split brain studies

A

Sperry and Gazzaniga

38
Q

Left (dominant) hemisphere

A

letters, words, language sounds, speech, the 3 R’s, analytical, complex voluntary movement

39
Q

Right hemisphere

A

faces, music, emotions, creativity, sense of direction

40
Q

Axons vs. dendrites

A

axons myelinated
dendrite branching changes a lot and can regenerate when damaged

dendrites = information
axons=communicate of nerve cell

41
Q

Resting Potential
Depolarization
Action potential
Hyperpolarization

A

RP (~-70 mv, more - inside cell)
depolarize: -50 mV
AP: after threshold +40-70
HP: -80-100

42
Q

Dendrites

A

intensity = external stimulation
EPSP increase AP
IPSP decrease AP

43
Q

Axon

A

all or nothing
maintained by Na/K pump
trigger AP spike
absolute, then relative refractory periods

44
Q

habituation

A

Kandel: snail backs away, until it gets used to the touch

45
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscles, Alzheimer’s, memory

46
Q

phenothiazines

A

reduce dopamine receptor sensitivity

47
Q

Parkinson cure

A

L-dopa, gets through BBB

48
Q

GABA

A

stabilizer

49
Q

Sedative-hypnotic drugs (depressants)

A

synergistic-additive in effect

benzodiazepine/barbiturates- enhance GABA
Alcohol- Korsakoff’s, B1/thiamin deficiency

50
Q

Behavioral stimulants

A

amphetamines

antidepressants - tricyclics (block reuptake)/MAO inhibitors (block enzyme)
SSRIs- no serotonin reuptake

51
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

schizophrenia- block dopamine

lithium-bipolar, manic symptoms break the cycle

52
Q

Narotics

A

opium, heroin, morphine.

Pain-relief

53
Q

What controls release of pituitary hormones?

A

hypothalamus

54
Q

What is master gland?

A

pituitary

55
Q

Gland: metabolism, growth, development

A

thyroid

56
Q

Gland: adrenaline, increases liver’s sugar output, heart rate, fight/flight

A

adrenal medulla

57
Q

Estrogen vs. Progesterone

A

E: stimulates female sex characteristics
P: prepares uterus for implantation of embryo

58
Q

Gonadotropins

A

pituitary; increased produced of hormones by ovaries/testes

59
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Development of ovarian follical

60
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

ovulation

61
Q

Lesions/ablations

A

brain damage/surgery used to study functions of specific areas

62
Q

Stereotaxic instrument

A

used to locate brain areas when implanting electrodes in order to make lesions/stimulate record nerve cell activity

63
Q

Electrical stimulation

A

used for individual cells

64
Q

CAT scans

A

structures in brain of living person

65
Q

Aphasia

A

impaired language

66
Q

Amnesia

A

memory problems

67
Q

Agnosia

A

impaired perceptual recognition of objects

68
Q

Apraxia

A

impaired motor movement

69
Q

Beta waves

A

awake/alert, fast EEG

70
Q

Alpha Waves

A

awake/relaxed eyes closed

71
Q

Stage 1

A

theta
wake –> sleep
muscles may twitch
hypnagogic hallucinations may occur

72
Q

Stage 2

A

theta
light sleep
EEG shows sleep spindles
K complexes appear

73
Q

Stage 3

A

Delta
more deeply asleep
slower EEG
steeper sleep spindles

74
Q

Stage 4

A

Delta
deepest sleep
slow EEG
sleep spindles, relax muscles

75
Q

REM

A

fast/irregular EEG, similar to alpha, relaxed muscle, dreaming

76
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

we recognize emotions based on how our body reacts

“afraid because I tremble”

77
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

emotions reflect physiological arousal of ANS and specific neural circuits (sensory –> specific emotion)

78
Q

Schachter-singer

A

unspecified physiological arousal is labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation (Depends)

GRE Psychology (7 decks)

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