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Biological (sensation/perception; physiological) Flashcards

1
Q

Gall developed Phrenology

A

trait well developed, that brain area expands, creates bulges in the skull.

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2
Q

Flourens was the first to study…

He used extirpation/ablation, which is…

A

the functions of the major section of the brains

extirpation/ablation: various parts of the brain surgically removed, behavioral consequences observed

removal of one part weaken whole brain

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3
Q

William James

A

Functionalism- studying how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

criticized the reflex arc, which breaks the process of reacting to stimulus into discrete parts

Said psych should look at whole person

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

Behavioral defects of people with brain damage.

First person to demonstrate functional impairment = brain lesion.

Broca area- unable to talk in left hemisphere frontal

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6
Q

Muller’s law of specific nerve energies

A

Each sensory neuron excited only by one kind of energy and brain interprets any stimulation of the nerve as that kind of energy.

Sensation depends more on part of the brain than on particular stimulus that activates them.

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7
Q

First to measure speed of nerve impulse

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

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8
Q

First to infer existence of synapses

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

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9
Q

afferent

A

Sensory to the brain

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10
Q

What is most popular type of neuron?

A

interneuron

mostly in brain stem, linked to reflexive behavior controlled by reflexive arcs (allows you to avoid pain)

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11
Q

CNS vs. PNS

A

CNS- brain/spinal cord

PNS- nerve tissue/fibers outside brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

PNS divisions

A

Somatic- sensory/motor neurons in skin/muscles

ANS- heartbeat, digestion, glandular. Involuntary functions/body temp

Parasympathetic- conserves energy. Resting/sleeping states, acts to reduce heart/respiration. Uses Acetylcholine.

Sympathetic-fight or flight. adrenaline

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

mesencephalon, sensorimotor reflexes that also promote survival

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14
Q

Hindbrain Vs. midbrain

A

hindbrain- balance, motor, breathing, digestion, sleeping, walking

midbrain- sensorimotor reflexes

together they are brainstem

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary development

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16
Q

Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata

A

regulating vital functions like breathing heartbeat, blood pressure

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17
Q

Hindbrain: pons

A

sensory/motor tracts between cortex and medulla

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18
Q

Hindbrain: cerebellum

A

structure that helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements

damage= slurred speech, clumsiness, loss of balance

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19
Q

Hindbrain: reticular formation

A

regulates arousal and alertness

Anesthetics cause unconsciousness by depressing activity of reticular formation

Arousals, Alertness, Attention

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20
Q

Midbrain: Superior Colliculus

A

receives visual sensory input

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21
Q

Midbrain: inferior colliculus

A

receives sensory information from auditory system.

Reflexive reaction to sudden noises.

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22
Q

Forebrain: thalamus

A

structure within forebrain that serves as an important relay station for incoming sensory information, including all sense.

Sensory relay

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23
Q

Hypothalamus:
lateral
Ventromedial
anterior

A

osmoregulation/homeostasis
arousal, aggression, sex
hunger, thirst, sex

Lateral- hunger
damage: aphagia- spot eating (Lacking hunger)
Also rage/fight behaviors

Ventromedial- satiety center, brain lesions to this area usually lead to obesity (hyperphagia/excessive eating)
very hungry

anterior hypothalamus- increase in aggressive sexual behavior
damage= asexual

Feeding, fighting, fleeing, and f*cking

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24
Q

extrapyramidal motor system

A

gathers info about body position, carries info to brain/spinal cord, movements smooth, posture steady.

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25
limbic system: septal nuclei
primary pleasure centers stimuli is intensely pleasurable/sexually arousing. if damaged, aggressive behavior unchecked Inhibits aggression, if damaged, septal rage
26
lesion of amygdala
aggression/fear reduced docility and hypersexual states studied by kluver/bucy, identified changes as Kluver-Bucy syndrome
27
anterograde amnesia
not being able to establish new long term memories
28
Retrograde amnesia
memory loss of pervious events
29
bumps and folds on cortex called
convolutions
30
Frontal lobe
prefrontal lobes/motor cortex directs operations of other brain regions, perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long term planning. The prefrontal cortex thus governs and integrates numerous cognitive and behavioral process
31
association area
areas that combines input from diverse brain regions ex: prefrontal cortex
32
projection areas
receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands visual cortex-receives visual input from retina motor cortex- sends out motor commands
33
in humans, association areas larger than projection areas, however
opposite in animals
34
Parietal Lobes
somatosensory cortex- projection area, destination of sensory signals spatial processing
35
temporal lobes
``` auditory Wernike's area- understand speech memory emotional control language ```
36
Contra vs. ipsilaterally
conta-opposite side | ipsilaterally-same side
37
Who did split brain studies
Sperry and Gazzaniga
38
Left (dominant) hemisphere
letters, words, language sounds, speech, the 3 R's, analytical, complex voluntary movement
39
Right hemisphere
faces, music, emotions, creativity, sense of direction
40
Axons vs. dendrites
axons myelinated dendrite branching changes a lot and can regenerate when damaged dendrites = information axons=communicate of nerve cell
41
Resting Potential Depolarization Action potential Hyperpolarization
RP (~-70 mv, more - inside cell) depolarize: -50 mV AP: after threshold +40-70 HP: -80-100
42
Dendrites
intensity = external stimulation EPSP increase AP IPSP decrease AP
43
Axon
all or nothing maintained by Na/K pump trigger AP spike absolute, then relative refractory periods
44
habituation
Kandel: snail backs away, until it gets used to the touch
45
acetylcholine
muscles, Alzheimer's, memory
46
phenothiazines
reduce dopamine receptor sensitivity
47
Parkinson cure
L-dopa, gets through BBB
48
GABA
stabilizer
49
Sedative-hypnotic drugs (depressants)
synergistic-additive in effect benzodiazepine/barbiturates- enhance GABA Alcohol- Korsakoff's, B1/thiamin deficiency
50
Behavioral stimulants
amphetamines antidepressants - tricyclics (block reuptake)/MAO inhibitors (block enzyme) SSRIs- no serotonin reuptake
51
Antipsychotic drugs
schizophrenia- block dopamine lithium-bipolar, manic symptoms break the cycle
52
Narotics
opium, heroin, morphine. | Pain-relief
53
What controls release of pituitary hormones?
hypothalamus
54
What is master gland?
pituitary
55
Gland: metabolism, growth, development
thyroid
56
Gland: adrenaline, increases liver's sugar output, heart rate, fight/flight
adrenal medulla
57
Estrogen vs. Progesterone
E: stimulates female sex characteristics P: prepares uterus for implantation of embryo
58
Gonadotropins
pituitary; increased produced of hormones by ovaries/testes
59
Follicle stimulating hormone
Development of ovarian follical
60
Luteinizing hormone
ovulation
61
Lesions/ablations
brain damage/surgery used to study functions of specific areas
62
Stereotaxic instrument
used to locate brain areas when implanting electrodes in order to make lesions/stimulate record nerve cell activity
63
Electrical stimulation
used for individual cells
64
CAT scans
structures in brain of living person
65
Aphasia
impaired language
66
Amnesia
memory problems
67
Agnosia
impaired perceptual recognition of objects
68
Apraxia
impaired motor movement
69
Beta waves
awake/alert, fast EEG
70
Alpha Waves
awake/relaxed eyes closed
71
Stage 1
theta wake --> sleep muscles may twitch hypnagogic hallucinations may occur
72
Stage 2
theta light sleep EEG shows sleep spindles K complexes appear
73
Stage 3
Delta more deeply asleep slower EEG steeper sleep spindles
74
Stage 4
Delta deepest sleep slow EEG sleep spindles, relax muscles
75
REM
fast/irregular EEG, similar to alpha, relaxed muscle, dreaming
76
James-Lange Theory
we recognize emotions based on how our body reacts | "afraid because I tremble"
77
Cannon-Bard theory
emotions reflect physiological arousal of ANS and specific neural circuits (sensory --> specific emotion)
78
Schachter-singer
unspecified physiological arousal is labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation (Depends)

GRE Psychology (7 decks)

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