Research Design, Statistics, and Measurments Flashcards
1
Q
Who founded the first psych lab?
A
William Wundt
2
Q
Who showed higher mental processes can be studied by experimental method?
A
Hermann Ebbinghaus
3
Q
Oswald Kulpe
A
believed that whenever you thought of something, an image of that thing formed in your mind; hat is there could be no thought without mental image
4
Q
First intelligence test
A
simon-binet
5
Q
Who introduced mental testing to US
A
James McKeen Cattell
6
Q
Who developed IQ
A
William Stern
7
Q
Who revised Binet-Simon test for use in the US
A
1916, Lewis Terman
8
Q
Hypothesis
A
tentative/testable explanation of the relationship between 2+ variables
9
Q
Variables
A
a characteristic/property that varies in amount or kind, and can be measured.
10
Q
Operational Definitions
A
State how researcher will measure the variables
11
Q
Variable being studied
A
IV
12
Q
Variable changes due to variation (measured)
A
DV
13
Q
Correlations mean that the researcher does not
A
manipulate the IV
14
Q
2 conditions of true experiment
A
random assignment
manipulates the IV
15
Q
Correlational
A
IV not manipulated
16
Q
Quasi-experiment
A
IV manipulated; subject not randomly assigned to groups
17
Q
Sample
A
subset of population we’re ACTUALLY testing
18
Q
Random Selection
A
each population member has equal chance of being selected
19
Q
Stratified random sampling
A
assure each subgroup of population randomly sampled in proportion in size
20
Q
Between-Subjects Design
A
Each subject is exposed to only one level of each independent variable.
21
Q
Matched-subjects design
A
Between-subjects, but match on one important variable, like intelligence.
22
Q
Within-Subjects design/repeated-measures design
A
all subjects in all conditions
23
Q
Solve within subject problem of which group got which thing first
A
counterbalance
24
Q
unintended IV
A
confounding variable
25
nonequivalent group design
control group is not necessarily similar to the experimental group since researcher doesn't use random assignment
26
Experimenter bias
due to their expectations, experimenter might treat groups differently, avoid by double blind
27
Demand Characterisitics
Cues in research situation that suggest to subject what is expected
Solution? Deception
28
Hawthorne effect
tendency of people to behave differently if they know they are being controlled.
29
External validity
how generalizable results are
30
Descriptive stats
concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying, and summarizing collection of actual observations
31
Inferential stats
researchers generalize beyond actual observations
32
Frequency distribution: descriptive stats
a measure of how often each value occurs
| Ex: 3x red. 2x blue
33
Central tendency: descriptive stats
Mode- most frequent score
mean- average score
median-middle score
34
bimodal
2 modes
35
Variability/dispersion: descriptive stats
Range- smallest number in distribution subtracted from the largest
Standard deviation- measure of typical distance of score from mean
variance- square of the standard deviation and describes how much each score varies from the mean
36
Standard deviations on normal distributions
0 --> 1/-1 are 34%
1/-1 --> 2/-2 are 14%
2/-2 --> other are 2%
37
z-score
another way of calculating how many standard deviations above/below the means your score is.
Subtract mean of distribution from your score, and divide the difference by the standard deviation.
-z score below mean
+z score above mean
38
T-scores
T-score distribution has a mean of 50 and a SD of 10. For instance T-score of 60 is 1 SD above the mean.
Because of round numbers, T-scores often used in test score interpretation.
39
Correlation coefiicients
type of descriptive stat that measure to what extent if any, 2 variables are related.
40
What attempts to account for the interrelationships found among various variables by seeing how groups of variables "hang together"
Factor analysis
41
Variables close together are assumed to be measuring _____, also called ____
the same thing, also called factor
42
Significance test
one tool researchers use to draw conclusions about populations based upon research conducted on samples
Show one hypothesis is supported by data by showing null hypothesis is inconsistent with data collected.
43
significance tests can tell us probability of observed difference is
due to chance
44
When we see statistically significant difference
reject null hypothesis
45
Criterion of significance
5% p
46
Criterion of significance is also called
alpha level
47
Type 1 error
Reject null, but null is true
likelihood = to criterion of significance
48
Type 2 error
accept null, but it's false
beta
49
T-test
used to compare means of 2 groups
50
ANOVA
2+ groups
estimate how much group means differ from each other by comparing the between-group variance to within-group variance using F factor.
F= BG/WG
51
Chi-squared
test equality of 2+ frequencies/proportions
Categorical/nominal > numerical data
52
Factorial design
each IV level occurs with each level of other IV
53
Interaction
effects of 1 IV are not consistent for all levels of the other IV
54
Meta-analysis
statistical procedure
| make conclusions on basis of data form different studies
55
Norm reference testing
assessing an individual's performance in terms of how that individual performs in comparison to others
(I just need to be better than you)
one problem: population to whom the tests will be administered can, and often does, change
56
Domain-reference/ Criterion-reference testing
what the test taker knows about a specific content domain (do you actually know stuff)
57
Reliability
CONSISTENCY with which a test measures whatever it is that the test measures (SAME SCORES)
58
Test-retest
First score: test 1
Second score: test 1
Both given to same person, 2 different times
59
Alternate-form
First score: Test 1
| Second score: Test 2 (given to same person as Test 1)
60
Split-form
First score: Score on one-half of test 1
| Second score: score on the other half of test 1
61
Validity
extent to which a test actually measures what it purports to measure
62
Validity: Does test cover what it ACTUALLY is supposed to measure?
Content validity
63
Validity: refers to whether or not the test items APPEAR to measure what they are supposed to?
Face validity
64
Validity: does written road test relate to actual road test
concurrent validity (Criterion validity given at same time)
65
Validity: does test predict future success (ex: GPA/college)
predictive validity (criterion validity)
66
Criterion validity
predict in future, or on different measure of same skill/knowledge
67
Cross Validity
testing the criterion validity of a test on a second sample, after you demonstrated validity using an initial sample
68
Construct validity
how well performance on test fits into theoretical framework related to what it is you want to test to measure.
69
Validity: is test performance correlated with performance on tests measuring related variables?
Convergent validity
70
Validity: is test performance NOT correlated with performance on a test measuring a theoretically unrelated variable?
Discriminate validity
71
Nominal/Categorical Scale
Characteristics: Names
labels and categorizes observations
ex: political affiliation, gender
72
Ordinal scale
observations are ranked in terms of size or magnitude
| 1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place
73
Interval scales
uses actual numbers (not ranks)
Equal intervals
No zero (ex: 0 degree F does not mean no temp)
Addition/subtraction
74
Ratio
true zero point that indicates the total absence of the quantity being measured
Multiplication/division
75
aptitude tests
used to predict what one can accomplish through training (ex: intelligence tests)
76
achievement tests
attempts to assess what one knows/can do now
77
adaptive test
computerized achievement test that adapts to test taker's ability by assessing accuracy on previous questions
78
Stern's Ratio IQ
IQ 100= mental age equal to chronological
problem: after certain age, chronological age increases while mental age does not.
mental age/chronological age x 100
79
Stanford-binet's deviation quotients
Deviation IQ: tells how far away a person's score is from the average sore for the particular age group the subject is a member of.
80
Wechsler tests
IQ test which has all items of given type grouped into subtests. Items in subtests are arranged in order increasing in difficulty
81
Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
10 clinical scales
| also indicates careless, faking answer, misrepresentation, and if done intentionally.
82
Hathaway/McKinley MMPI: empirical criterion-keying approach
compare to how people with depression acutually score.
83
MMPI-2's content scales
formed using theoretical concerns
84
California psych inventory CPI
20 scales, 3 validity scales
| all score standardized
85
how are projective tests different from personality
1) stimuli ambigous
2) test taker not limited to small number of posible response
ex 1: Rorschach inkblot
86
projective: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Morgan and Murray
| 20 pictures with ambiguous meanings tell a story
87
Projective: Blacky pictures
dog named blacky in pics each designed to correspond to stage in psychosexual development
88
Rotter incomplete sentences blank
sentence completion test
40 sentence stems and is asked to complete them.
Theory is that test taker will fill in blanks with whatever is on her/his mind
89
Barnum effect
tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality that you give them.
90
Interest testing
used to assess individual's interest in different lines of work ex: Strong-Campbell
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