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GRE Psychology > Research Design, Statistics, and Measurments > Flashcards

Research Design, Statistics, and Measurments Flashcards

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1
Q

Who founded the first psych lab?

A

William Wundt

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2
Q

Who showed higher mental processes can be studied by experimental method?

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

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3
Q

Oswald Kulpe

A

believed that whenever you thought of something, an image of that thing formed in your mind; hat is there could be no thought without mental image

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4
Q

First intelligence test

A

simon-binet

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5
Q

Who introduced mental testing to US

A

James McKeen Cattell

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6
Q

Who developed IQ

A

William Stern

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7
Q

Who revised Binet-Simon test for use in the US

A

1916, Lewis Terman

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

tentative/testable explanation of the relationship between 2+ variables

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9
Q

Variables

A

a characteristic/property that varies in amount or kind, and can be measured.

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10
Q

Operational Definitions

A

State how researcher will measure the variables

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11
Q

Variable being studied

A

IV

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12
Q

Variable changes due to variation (measured)

A

DV

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13
Q

Correlations mean that the researcher does not

A

manipulate the IV

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14
Q

2 conditions of true experiment

A

random assignment

manipulates the IV

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15
Q

Correlational

A

IV not manipulated

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16
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

IV manipulated; subject not randomly assigned to groups

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17
Q

Sample

A

subset of population we’re ACTUALLY testing

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18
Q

Random Selection

A

each population member has equal chance of being selected

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19
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

assure each subgroup of population randomly sampled in proportion in size

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20
Q

Between-Subjects Design

A

Each subject is exposed to only one level of each independent variable.

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21
Q

Matched-subjects design

A

Between-subjects, but match on one important variable, like intelligence.

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22
Q

Within-Subjects design/repeated-measures design

A

all subjects in all conditions

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23
Q

Solve within subject problem of which group got which thing first

A

counterbalance

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24
Q

unintended IV

A

confounding variable

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25
Q

nonequivalent group design

A

control group is not necessarily similar to the experimental group since researcher doesn’t use random assignment

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26
Q

Experimenter bias

A

due to their expectations, experimenter might treat groups differently, avoid by double blind

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27
Q

Demand Characterisitics

A

Cues in research situation that suggest to subject what is expected

Solution? Deception

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28
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

tendency of people to behave differently if they know they are being controlled.

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29
Q

External validity

A

how generalizable results are

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30
Q

Descriptive stats

A

concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying, and summarizing collection of actual observations

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31
Q

Inferential stats

A

researchers generalize beyond actual observations

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32
Q

Frequency distribution: descriptive stats

A

a measure of how often each value occurs

Ex: 3x red. 2x blue

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33
Q

Central tendency: descriptive stats

A

Mode- most frequent score
mean- average score
median-middle score

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34
Q

bimodal

A

2 modes

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35
Q

Variability/dispersion: descriptive stats

A

Range- smallest number in distribution subtracted from the largest

Standard deviation- measure of typical distance of score from mean

variance- square of the standard deviation and describes how much each score varies from the mean

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36
Q

Standard deviations on normal distributions

A

0 –> 1/-1 are 34%
1/-1 –> 2/-2 are 14%
2/-2 –> other are 2%

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37
Q

z-score

A

another way of calculating how many standard deviations above/below the means your score is.

Subtract mean of distribution from your score, and divide the difference by the standard deviation.

-z score below mean
+z score above mean

38
Q

T-scores

A

T-score distribution has a mean of 50 and a SD of 10. For instance T-score of 60 is 1 SD above the mean.

Because of round numbers, T-scores often used in test score interpretation.

39
Q

Correlation coefiicients

A

type of descriptive stat that measure to what extent if any, 2 variables are related.

40
Q

What attempts to account for the interrelationships found among various variables by seeing how groups of variables “hang together”

A

Factor analysis

41
Q

Variables close together are assumed to be measuring _____, also called ____

A

the same thing, also called factor

42
Q

Significance test

A

one tool researchers use to draw conclusions about populations based upon research conducted on samples

Show one hypothesis is supported by data by showing null hypothesis is inconsistent with data collected.

43
Q

significance tests can tell us probability of observed difference is

A

due to chance

44
Q

When we see statistically significant difference

A

reject null hypothesis

45
Q

Criterion of significance

A

5% p

46
Q

Criterion of significance is also called

A

alpha level

47
Q

Type 1 error

A

Reject null, but null is true

likelihood = to criterion of significance

48
Q

Type 2 error

A

accept null, but it’s false

beta

49
Q

T-test

A

used to compare means of 2 groups

50
Q

ANOVA

A

2+ groups

estimate how much group means differ from each other by comparing the between-group variance to within-group variance using F factor.

F= BG/WG

51
Q

Chi-squared

A

test equality of 2+ frequencies/proportions

Categorical/nominal > numerical data

52
Q

Factorial design

A

each IV level occurs with each level of other IV

53
Q

Interaction

A

effects of 1 IV are not consistent for all levels of the other IV

54
Q

Meta-analysis

A

statistical procedure

make conclusions on basis of data form different studies

55
Q

Norm reference testing

A

assessing an individual’s performance in terms of how that individual performs in comparison to others
(I just need to be better than you)

one problem: population to whom the tests will be administered can, and often does, change

56
Q

Domain-reference/ Criterion-reference testing

A

what the test taker knows about a specific content domain (do you actually know stuff)

57
Q

Reliability

A

CONSISTENCY with which a test measures whatever it is that the test measures (SAME SCORES)

58
Q

Test-retest

A

First score: test 1
Second score: test 1
Both given to same person, 2 different times

59
Q

Alternate-form

A

First score: Test 1

Second score: Test 2 (given to same person as Test 1)

60
Q

Split-form

A

First score: Score on one-half of test 1

Second score: score on the other half of test 1

61
Q

Validity

A

extent to which a test actually measures what it purports to measure

62
Q

Validity: Does test cover what it ACTUALLY is supposed to measure?

A

Content validity

63
Q

Validity: refers to whether or not the test items APPEAR to measure what they are supposed to?

A

Face validity

64
Q

Validity: does written road test relate to actual road test

A

concurrent validity (Criterion validity given at same time)

65
Q

Validity: does test predict future success (ex: GPA/college)

A

predictive validity (criterion validity)

66
Q

Criterion validity

A

predict in future, or on different measure of same skill/knowledge

67
Q

Cross Validity

A

testing the criterion validity of a test on a second sample, after you demonstrated validity using an initial sample

68
Q

Construct validity

A

how well performance on test fits into theoretical framework related to what it is you want to test to measure.

69
Q

Validity: is test performance correlated with performance on tests measuring related variables?

A

Convergent validity

70
Q

Validity: is test performance NOT correlated with performance on a test measuring a theoretically unrelated variable?

A

Discriminate validity

71
Q

Nominal/Categorical Scale

A

Characteristics: Names
labels and categorizes observations
ex: political affiliation, gender

72
Q

Ordinal scale

A

observations are ranked in terms of size or magnitude

1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place

73
Q

Interval scales

A

uses actual numbers (not ranks)
Equal intervals
No zero (ex: 0 degree F does not mean no temp)
Addition/subtraction

74
Q

Ratio

A

true zero point that indicates the total absence of the quantity being measured
Multiplication/division

75
Q

aptitude tests

A

used to predict what one can accomplish through training (ex: intelligence tests)

76
Q

achievement tests

A

attempts to assess what one knows/can do now

77
Q

adaptive test

A

computerized achievement test that adapts to test taker’s ability by assessing accuracy on previous questions

78
Q

Stern’s Ratio IQ

A

IQ 100= mental age equal to chronological
problem: after certain age, chronological age increases while mental age does not.

mental age/chronological age x 100

79
Q

Stanford-binet’s deviation quotients

A

Deviation IQ: tells how far away a person’s score is from the average sore for the particular age group the subject is a member of.

80
Q

Wechsler tests

A

IQ test which has all items of given type grouped into subtests. Items in subtests are arranged in order increasing in difficulty

81
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

A

10 clinical scales

also indicates careless, faking answer, misrepresentation, and if done intentionally.

82
Q

Hathaway/McKinley MMPI: empirical criterion-keying approach

A

compare to how people with depression acutually score.

83
Q

MMPI-2’s content scales

A

formed using theoretical concerns

84
Q

California psych inventory CPI

A

20 scales, 3 validity scales

all score standardized

85
Q

how are projective tests different from personality

A

1) stimuli ambigous
2) test taker not limited to small number of posible response

ex 1: Rorschach inkblot

86
Q

projective: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Morgan and Murray

20 pictures with ambiguous meanings tell a story

87
Q

Projective: Blacky pictures

A

dog named blacky in pics each designed to correspond to stage in psychosexual development

88
Q

Rotter incomplete sentences blank

A

sentence completion test
40 sentence stems and is asked to complete them.
Theory is that test taker will fill in blanks with whatever is on her/his mind

89
Q

Barnum effect

A

tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality that you give them.

90
Q

Interest testing

A

used to assess individual’s interest in different lines of work ex: Strong-Campbell

RIASEC

GRE Psychology (7 decks)

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