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AP Psychology > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

the process by which physical and chemical energy are detected from the environment and transduced for the purpose of neural transmission; includes psychophysics

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2
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of the relationship between physical energy and one’s psychological experiences (sensation and perception)

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3
Q

Transduction

A

-process by which sensory systems convert physical and chemical stimuli into electrical signals that the nervous system can use

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4
Q

Attention

A

-state of awareness in which one is able to process stimuli

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5
Q

Selective attention

A
  • state of awareness in which one’s focus is upon one particular stimuli
  • multi-tasking is impossible
  • most sensations are never perceived
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6
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

-focusing upon a particular stimulus so that one is blind to any other stimulus

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7
Q

Cocktail-party effect

A

-while selectively attending to one particular stimuli you suddenly change your focus when you hear your name mentioned by someone across the room

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8
Q

Bottom-up processing

A
  • process of sensation

- senses send info to the brain

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9
Q

Absolute thresholds

A

-the weakest level of a stimulus that can be correctly deleted at least half the time

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A
  • addresses how and when an individual detects a particular stimuli in the midst of much other stimuli
  • absolute threshold varies person to person
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11
Q

Factors influencing signal detection include

A
  • fatigue
  • level of attention
  • expectations
  • motivation
  • emotional distress
  • experience
  • age
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12
Q

Subliminal stimulation

A
  • receiving messages below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
  • the reality of this experience is debated
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13
Q

Difference thresholds or Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

-minimum difference between any two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time

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14
Q

Weber’s law

A

-our ability to detect the difference between stimuli is dependent upon the stimuli changing by a constant proportion

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15
Q

Sensory adaptation

A
  • when someone “gets used to” a stimulus

- attention is no longer focused upon repetitive, unchanging stimuli

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16
Q

Vision

A

-process of receiving, transducing, then communicating to the brain

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17
Q

Light

A
  • physical energy
  • comprises the electromagnetic spectrum
  • rays of light pass from the object it is reflected off of through the cornea, then through the pupil, then are focused by the lens onto the cones and rods of the retina
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18
Q

The visible spectrum

A
  • the light we can see
  • only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
  • characteristics include: color or hue and brightness or intesity
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19
Q

Hue

A

-determined by wavelength

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20
Q

Wavelength

A

-the distance from one wave peak to the next wave peak

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21
Q

Intensity

A
  • amount of energy in a wavelength

- determined by amplitude

22
Q

Amplitude

A

-the height of a wave

23
Q

Anatomy of the eye

A
  • pupil
  • iris
  • lens
  • retina
24
Q

Pupil

A
  • opening in the iris
  • smaller in bright light, larger in dim light
  • affected by arousal and psychoactive drug use
25
Q

Iris

A
  • colored muscle surrounding the pupil

- regulates the size of the pupil opening

26
Q

Lens

A
  • structure behind the pupil

- changes shape in order to focus incoming rays onto the retina

27
Q

Accommodation

A

-process of changing the curvature of the lens to focus light rays onto the retina

28
Q

Nearsightedness

A
  • too much curvature of the cornea and/or lens
  • focus the image in front of the retina
  • nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects
29
Q

Farsightedness

A
  • too little curvature of the cornea and/or lens
  • focuses the image behind the retina
  • distant objects are seen more clearly than nearby objects
30
Q

Retina

A
  • area in the back of the eye
  • contains the robs and cones that transduce light
  • has layers of bipolar cels and ganglion cells that transmit visual info to the brain
31
Q

Acuity

A
  • ability to detect fine details

- sharpness of vision

32
Q

Rods

A
  • photoreceptor cell in the retina
  • detect black, white, and gray and movement
  • necessary for peripheral and dim-light vision when cones do not respond
  • everywhere in the retina except the fovea
33
Q

Cones

A
  • photoreceptor cells in the retina
  • detect color and fine detail in daylight or in bright-light conditions
  • most are concentrated in the fovea of the retina
  • none in the periphery
34
Q

Fovea

A
  • small area in the retina
  • in the direct line of sight
  • incorporates the highest concentration cones
  • produces highest visual acuity in bright light
35
Q

Optic nerve

A
  • the nerve pathway which carries data from the eye to the brain
  • carries the neural impulses from the eye to the thalamus
  • formed by ganglion cell axons
36
Q

Blind spot

A
  • region of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye

- no receptor cells there therefore creates an area with no vision

37
Q

Optic chasm

A

-point at the base of the skull where neural messages from the left and right fields of vision from each eye cross over to the opposite hemispheres

38
Q

Visual info processing

A

?

39
Q

Feature detectors

A
  • individual neurons in the primary visual cortex/occipital lobes
  • respond to specific features of a visual stimulus
40
Q

Parallel processing

A

-simultaneously analyzing different elements of sensory info such as color, brightness, and shape

41
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three-color) Theory

A
  • retina has three types of color receptors

- each especially sensitive to either green, red, or blue

42
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A
  • involves opposing retinal processes for red-green, yellow-blue, white-black,
  • some retinal cells are stimulated by one of a pair and inhibited by the other
43
Q

Color constancy

A
  • experience of color

- perception of colors will remain the same with shifts of lighting

44
Q

Hearing (audition)

A

-changing waves of air pressure (sound) gathered by the outer ear, funneled through the auditory canal, strike the mechanisms of the middle ear, transduced by the cochlea of the inner ear, and sent to the thalamus via the medusa and pons

45
Q

Sound

A
  • changing waves of air pressure
  • physical energy
  • characteristics include: loudness, pitch, and timbre
46
Q

Loudness

A

-determined by amplitude

47
Q

Pitch

A
  • high and low sounds
  • determined by frequency
  • measured in hertz
48
Q

Timbre

A
  • complex mixture of sounds waves
  • characterizes most sound
  • differentiation enables appreciation an recognition involved with a myriad of experiences such as music appreciation, voice recognition, & strange or exotic sounds
49
Q

anatomy of the ear

A

?

50
Q

Outer ear

A
  • pinna
  • auditory canal
  • eardrum

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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