Motivation Flashcards
1
Q
motivation
A
a need which drives behavior
2
Q
Theories of motivation
A
- instinct theories
- intentional theories
- Drive-Reduction (homeostatic) theory
- incentive theory
- arousal theory
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3
Q
Instinct theories
A
postulates the existence of innate, unconscious drives
4
Q
Fixed-action patterns
A
- typically non-human
- innate
- species-related behaviors
5
Q
Psychoanalytic theory
A
- developed by Sigmund Freud
- influenced by Darwin
- viewed humans as being part of animal kingdom
- applied innate unconscious drives and instincts to human behavior
6
Q
Evolutionary Psychology
A
-a particular view or way of thinking about any topic in psychology
-based upon the principles of evolutionary biology
-applied to the structure of the human mind, or social behavior
• the mind is merely an info-processing machine
• being designed by natural selection
• governed by principles of adaptation
7
Q
Intentional theories
A
- these theories are typically no covered in psychology but in philosophy and epistemology
- will to power (Alfred Adler)
- will to meaning (Viktor Frankl)
- will to questioning (Benard Lonergan)
8
Q
Drive-reduction (homeostatic) theory
A
- internal tensions or polarity (called drives) exist
- drives are caused by needs
- needs are internal states in which we lack something
- the need depends on the context, there are physical needs and social needs
- drives result in behaviors to reduce the tension
- goal is homeostasis
9
Q
Negative feedback
A
- behaviors which reduce tension are repeated
- behaviors which create tension are avoided
10
Q
Homeostasis
A
- a state of non-tension
- internal balance (equilibrium)
11
Q
Incentive theory
A
-deals with primary and secondary needs
12
Q
Primary needs
A
- primary needs push us to certain behaviors
- primary needs include: food, shelter, sex
13
Q
Secondary needs
A
- also called external needs
- they invite us to certain behaviors
- include: rewards, recognition
14
Q
Arousal theory
A
- postulates the existence of an inner state of alertness
- relative to each person and situation
- affects performance
15
Q
Optimum arousal
A
- a relative ideal level of alertness or emotional arousal
- results in peak performance
16
Q
Yerkes-Dodson Law
A
- inverted U hypothesis
- an index which graphs the relationship between levels of arousal and performance
- different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimum performance
17
Q
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
A
- developed by Abraham Maslow
- human needs are not all equally important
- needs exist in a hierarchy (pyramid shaped)
- basic needs must be met before “high needs” are actualized
18
Q
Basic needs
A
physiological need for water, feed, air
19
Q
Safety needs
A
-need for security and shelter
20
Q
Love
A
-need for acceptance and sense of belonging
21
Q
Self-esteem
A
-need to gain approval and recognition
22
Q
Self-actualization
A
-need to fulfill unique potential
23
Q
Physiological Motivation
A
-involves hunger, thirst, pain, sexual motivation
24
Q
Biology of hunger
A
- the hypothalamus: arcuate nucleus
- monitors multiple body systems an responds to negative feedback by signaling the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems
25
Lateral hypothalamus
triggers drive to address hunger needs
26
Ventromedial hypothalamus
regulates digestion and sensation of fullness
27
Hunger messages
- glucose levels
- stomach contractions
- hormones
28
Hormones
-chemical messengers
29
Ghrelin
- released by an empty stomach
| - triggers a hungry message in the hypothalamus
30
Orexin
- released by lateral hypothalamus
| - tiggers hunger
31
Insulin
- released by the pancreas
- metabolizes glucose
- inhibits hunger drive
32
Glucagon
-converts stored energy into glucose
33
Cholecystokinin
- hormone an neurotransmitter
- affects small intestines
- promotes sense of fullness
34
Leptin
- released by fat tissues
| - signals hypothalamus to stop storage of fat
35
Set point
- supposed innate weight range, validity is questionable
- determined by number of fat cells
- changes with time and basal metabolic rate (BMR)
36
Basal Metabolic Rate
-natural rate of energy expenditure under immobile conditions
37
Eating disorders
chronic, dangerous eating behaviors
38
Anorexia Nervosa
- when individual's weight is less than 85% of normal
| - delusional perception of body image
39
Bulimia nervosa
- pattern of binging and purging
| - vomiting and/or laxative use
40
Thirst
- dehydration
| - low blood volume
41
Pain
- physical discomfort
| - motivates avoidance behaviors
42
Kinsey Report
- authored by Alfred Kinsey
- early researcher of sexual behavior
- based on surveys and interviews (of pedophiles and inmates)
- quantified responses on a 7 point scale: 1 hetero- 4 bi-7 homo
43
Masters and Johnson
- human sexual response study
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson
- based on lab studies with representative samples
44
Sexual response cycle
-arousal: organs prepared for sexual activity
-plateau: consistent level of arousal
-orgasm: release of tension
Resolution: non-aroused state, can include refractory period for men
45
Estrogen
- triggers development of primary female organs, most secondary sex characteristics, and fertility cycle
- questionable whether levels enhance sex drive
- physiological effects are balanced by progesterone
46
Testosterone
- triggers development of primary sex organs, most secondary sex characteristics
- questionable whether levels affect sex drive
47
Sexual orientation
inclination of an individual's sexual interest
48
heterosexuality
-interest in and desire for the opposite sex
49
bi-sexuality
-interest in and desire for both sexes
50
homosexuality
-interest in and desire fro the same sex
51
Social motives
culturally conditioned needs, such as achievement, morality, and education
52
Intrinsic motivation
-drive based on personal interest or enjoyment
53
Extrinsic motivation
-drive based on external rewards or punishment
54
Affiliation
-need to belong
55
Achievement
-need to fulfill a goal or task
56
Individual achievement
-achievement for one's own sake
57
Collective achievement
-achievement for the sake of the community
58
Overjustification Effect
- the result of being rewarded for behavior that we already like doing
- when the reward is removed so is the behavior
59
Approach-approach
-situations with two positive options
60
Avoidance-avoidance
-situations with two negative options
61
Approach-avoidance
-situations with both a positive and a negative option
62
Multiple approach-avoidance
-situations with multiple negative and positive options
