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AP Psychology > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

a need which drives behavior

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2
Q

Theories of motivation

A
  • instinct theories
  • intentional theories
  • Drive-Reduction (homeostatic) theory
  • incentive theory
  • arousal theory
  • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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3
Q

Instinct theories

A

postulates the existence of innate, unconscious drives

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4
Q

Fixed-action patterns

A
  • typically non-human
  • innate
  • species-related behaviors
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5
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A
  • developed by Sigmund Freud
  • influenced by Darwin
  • viewed humans as being part of animal kingdom
  • applied innate unconscious drives and instincts to human behavior
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6
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

-a particular view or way of thinking about any topic in psychology
-based upon the principles of evolutionary biology
-applied to the structure of the human mind, or social behavior
• the mind is merely an info-processing machine
• being designed by natural selection
• governed by principles of adaptation

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7
Q

Intentional theories

A
  • these theories are typically no covered in psychology but in philosophy and epistemology
  • will to power (Alfred Adler)
  • will to meaning (Viktor Frankl)
  • will to questioning (Benard Lonergan)
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8
Q

Drive-reduction (homeostatic) theory

A
  • internal tensions or polarity (called drives) exist
  • drives are caused by needs
  • needs are internal states in which we lack something
  • the need depends on the context, there are physical needs and social needs
  • drives result in behaviors to reduce the tension
  • goal is homeostasis
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9
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • behaviors which reduce tension are repeated

- behaviors which create tension are avoided

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • a state of non-tension

- internal balance (equilibrium)

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11
Q

Incentive theory

A

-deals with primary and secondary needs

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12
Q

Primary needs

A
  • primary needs push us to certain behaviors

- primary needs include: food, shelter, sex

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13
Q

Secondary needs

A
  • also called external needs
  • they invite us to certain behaviors
  • include: rewards, recognition
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14
Q

Arousal theory

A
  • postulates the existence of an inner state of alertness
  • relative to each person and situation
  • affects performance
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15
Q

Optimum arousal

A
  • a relative ideal level of alertness or emotional arousal

- results in peak performance

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16
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A
  • inverted U hypothesis
  • an index which graphs the relationship between levels of arousal and performance
  • different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimum performance
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17
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • developed by Abraham Maslow
  • human needs are not all equally important
  • needs exist in a hierarchy (pyramid shaped)
  • basic needs must be met before “high needs” are actualized
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18
Q

Basic needs

A

physiological need for water, feed, air

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19
Q

Safety needs

A

-need for security and shelter

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20
Q

Love

A

-need for acceptance and sense of belonging

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21
Q

Self-esteem

A

-need to gain approval and recognition

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22
Q

Self-actualization

A

-need to fulfill unique potential

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23
Q

Physiological Motivation

A

-involves hunger, thirst, pain, sexual motivation

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24
Q

Biology of hunger

A
  • the hypothalamus: arcuate nucleus
  • monitors multiple body systems an responds to negative feedback by signaling the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems
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25
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

triggers drive to address hunger needs

26
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

regulates digestion and sensation of fullness

27
Q

Hunger messages

A
  • glucose levels
  • stomach contractions
  • hormones
28
Q

Hormones

A

-chemical messengers

29
Q

Ghrelin

A
  • released by an empty stomach

- triggers a hungry message in the hypothalamus

30
Q

Orexin

A
  • released by lateral hypothalamus

- tiggers hunger

31
Q

Insulin

A
  • released by the pancreas
  • metabolizes glucose
  • inhibits hunger drive
32
Q

Glucagon

A

-converts stored energy into glucose

33
Q

Cholecystokinin

A
  • hormone an neurotransmitter
  • affects small intestines
  • promotes sense of fullness
34
Q

Leptin

A
  • released by fat tissues

- signals hypothalamus to stop storage of fat

35
Q

Set point

A
  • supposed innate weight range, validity is questionable
  • determined by number of fat cells
  • changes with time and basal metabolic rate (BMR)
36
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

-natural rate of energy expenditure under immobile conditions

37
Q

Eating disorders

A

chronic, dangerous eating behaviors

38
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • when individual’s weight is less than 85% of normal

- delusional perception of body image

39
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A
  • pattern of binging and purging

- vomiting and/or laxative use

40
Q

Thirst

A
  • dehydration

- low blood volume

41
Q

Pain

A
  • physical discomfort

- motivates avoidance behaviors

42
Q

Kinsey Report

A
  • authored by Alfred Kinsey
  • early researcher of sexual behavior
  • based on surveys and interviews (of pedophiles and inmates)
  • quantified responses on a 7 point scale: 1 hetero- 4 bi-7 homo
43
Q

Masters and Johnson

A
  • human sexual response study
  • William Masters and Virginia Johnson
  • based on lab studies with representative samples
44
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

-arousal: organs prepared for sexual activity
-plateau: consistent level of arousal
-orgasm: release of tension
Resolution: non-aroused state, can include refractory period for men

45
Q

Estrogen

A
  • triggers development of primary female organs, most secondary sex characteristics, and fertility cycle
  • questionable whether levels enhance sex drive
  • physiological effects are balanced by progesterone
46
Q

Testosterone

A
  • triggers development of primary sex organs, most secondary sex characteristics
  • questionable whether levels affect sex drive
47
Q

Sexual orientation

A

inclination of an individual’s sexual interest

48
Q

heterosexuality

A

-interest in and desire for the opposite sex

49
Q

bi-sexuality

A

-interest in and desire for both sexes

50
Q

homosexuality

A

-interest in and desire fro the same sex

51
Q

Social motives

A

culturally conditioned needs, such as achievement, morality, and education

52
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

-drive based on personal interest or enjoyment

53
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

-drive based on external rewards or punishment

54
Q

Affiliation

A

-need to belong

55
Q

Achievement

A

-need to fulfill a goal or task

56
Q

Individual achievement

A

-achievement for one’s own sake

57
Q

Collective achievement

A

-achievement for the sake of the community

58
Q

Overjustification Effect

A
  • the result of being rewarded for behavior that we already like doing
  • when the reward is removed so is the behavior
59
Q

Approach-approach

A

-situations with two positive options

60
Q

Avoidance-avoidance

A

-situations with two negative options

61
Q

Approach-avoidance

A

-situations with both a positive and a negative option

62
Q

Multiple approach-avoidance

A

-situations with multiple negative and positive options

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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