Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change of behavior or knowledge due to experience or training vs. innate knowledge

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

• originating from Ivan Pavlov
• a form of learning in which an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli
• events for learning–>reaction

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

any stimulus that evokes a natural/reflexive response

Question 4

Reflexes

Answer 4

innate responses/reactions to a stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned response

Answer 5

the natural or reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Neutral stimulus

Answer 6

any event or object which does not evoke any natural response (preconditioned stimulus)

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

a formerly neutral stimulus which, after association with an unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

the learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

In Classical: when the unconditioned stimulus is separated from the conditioned stimulus resulting over time in the elimination of the conditioned response

In Operant: when an established behavior is no longer enforced resulting over time in the cessation of the reinforced behavior

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

for no apparent reason, a conditioned response with re-appear after it has been extinguished

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

a conditioned response will occur as a response to conditioned stimuli other than, but similar to, the original conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli

Question 13

Higher order/second order conditioning

Answer 13

when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which results in the same conditioned response

Question 14

John Watson

Answer 14

• established the behavioral approach to psychology

- Little Albert

Question 15

Behavioral approach

Answer 15

-behaviorism adheres only to objective, observable behavior –> ignores mental states or thought processes

Question 16

Little Albert experiment

Answer 16

• Watson’s famous experiment

- proved he could condition the behavior of fear in a

Question 17

Operant learning

Answer 17

• theory of learning by B.F. Skinner
• behavior is determined by the consequences which follow the behavior
• reaction–>events for learning

Question 18

Positive reinforcement

Answer 18

anything which is given or added which increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

- a reward or bonus
- good grades or praise for hard work

Question 19

Negative reinforcement

Answer 19

anything which is removed that will increase the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

- trying hard to prevent bad grades
- getting home before curfew to take away the possibility of being grounded

Question 20

Primary reinforcers

Answer 20

anything that is a natural, innate, or unlearned reinforcer

• sex
• food
• water

Question 21

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 21

-a learned reinforcer that is paired with a primary reinforcer

Question 22

Token economy

Answer 22

when a subject behaves in a particular way in order to earn a voucher or token or coupon which may be used to purchase something they want

Question 23

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 23

when a subject is reinforced every time they provide a positive response

Question 24

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 24

when a subject is reinforced randomly

Question 25

Fixed ratio

Answer 25

when a subject is reinforced after a set number of responses

• nonrandom:number
• addictive

Question 26

Fixed interval

Answer 26

when a subject is reinforced after a set period of time

-nonrandom:time

Question 27

Variable ratio

Answer 27

when a subject is reinforced after a random period of responses

• random:number
• most addictive

Question 28

Variable interval

Answer 28

when a subject is reinforced after a random period of time

• random:time
• least likely to go extinct

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

progressively molding or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that incline toward or approximate the desired response

Question 30

Punishment

Answer 30

anything which decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated

Question 31

Positive punishment

Answer 31

stopping behavior by administering something adversive

Question 32

negative reinforcement

Answer 32

stopping behavior by removing something positive

Question 33

Law of effect

Answer 33

Thorndike: when a behavior is followed by a desirable consequence it becomes associated with that situation so that the behavior becomes more likely to be performed again when the same situation is encountered

Question 34

Observational learning

Answer 34

when a subject learns by observing the behavior of others

Question 35

Mirror neurons

Answer 35

subset of neurons in the frontal lobes which allow humans to learn by watching others

Question 36

Bandura’s social-cognitive theory

Answer 36

learning is the result of observation and modeling

• attention and motivation
• reciprocal determinism
• self regulation
• self advocacy

Question 37

Latent learning

Answer 37

• researched by Tolman
• learning occurs without reference to performance
• learning occurs before actual performance

Question 38

Insight

Answer 38

• based on Kohler’s observations of primates
• a type of learning which occurs suddenly as a result of realizing possible solutions to a problem and then putting the solutions together