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AP Psychology > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Nerves

A

Bubbles of axons which transmit messages throughout the nervous system

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2
Q

Nerve cell or neuron

A
  • basic cell which makes up the nervous system

- comprises approximately 10% of brain cell

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3
Q

Cell Body

A

soma

  • directs activity of the neuron
  • contains nucleus
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4
Q

dendrites

A
  • receive, potentially, messages from thousands of other neurons
  • contain post-synaptic receptor sites
  • send messages to the soma
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5
Q

axons

A
  • carry messages from the soma to the terminal buttons

- the action potential occurs here

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • surrounds the axon with an isolative layer of glial cells

- keeps nerve signals from “short-circuting”

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7
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • gaps in the myelin sheath

- promotes the action potential

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8
Q

terminal buttons

A
  • aka axon terminals
  • structures at the end of an axon
  • contain synaptic vesicles
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9
Q

synaptic vesicles

A
  • structures within terminal buttons

- produces and stores neurotransmitters

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • aks neurochemicals
  • chemical messengers produced by the neuron
  • responsible fro both healthy functioning an disorders
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11
Q

What do neurotransmitters effect

A
  • vital functions
  • movement
  • emotions
  • cognition
  • states of consciousness
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12
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Endorphins
  • GABA
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamate
  • Substance P
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13
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • learning
  • memory
  • muscle contration
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14
Q

Dopamine

A
  • movement

- aspects of cognition

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15
Q

Endorphins

A

-experience related to pain

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16
Q

GABA

A

-inhibition of neural activity

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17
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • arousal

- aspects of cognition

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18
Q

Serotonin

A
  • mood/emotion

- states of consciousness

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19
Q

Glutamate

A
  • memory

- an excitatory neurotranmitter

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20
Q

Substance P

A

-effects pain signals

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21
Q

Agonists

A
  • psychoactive drugs which mining a neurotransmitter

- enhance the effect of natural neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Antagonists

A

-psychoactive drugs which inhibit the effect of a neurotransmitter

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23
Q

synaptic gap

A
  • aka synapse

- area or gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the receptor sites of the neighboring neuron

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24
Q

Receptor sites

A
  • located on the dendrites in the postsynaptic area

- receive electrochemical signals

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25
Q

sensory neurons

A
  • receive stimuli
  • transduce
  • communicate to the brain
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26
Q

motor neurons

A

-communicate messages to the brain

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27
Q

interneurons

A
  • communicate within the CNS

- “go between” the sensory and motor neurons

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28
Q

Glial cells

A
  • support cells for neurons
  • assist functions of neurons
  • make up 90% of brain cells
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29
Q

Resting potential

A
  • the potential to produce an impulse

- involves negative and positive ions located near the inside and outside surfaces of the axon membrane

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30
Q

Depolarization

A
  • a change in the resting potential

- involves the exchange of positive and negative ions

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31
Q

stimulus threshold

A

-strength of stimulation necessary to effect depolarization

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32
Q

all-or-none principle

A

-stimulation is sufficiently strong for a neuron to fire or not

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33
Q

Action potential

A
  • the effect of depolarization along the axon
  • messages travel to the terminal button
  • triggers the release of neurotransmitters
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34
Q

synaptic transmission

A
  • the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap

- neurotransmitters bind to the receptor sites on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neurons

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35
Q

lock and key principle

A
  • the molecular configuration of each neurotransmitter is like a key which fits the receptor sites
  • describes the dynamic of neuron-chemical communication between neurons
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36
Q

re-uptake

A

-after the action potential, neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed into the presynaptic neuron

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37
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

major system within the nervous system which incorporated the brain and the spinal cord

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38
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • largest portion of the brain
  • included a left and right hemisphere, each with 4 lobes
  • includes localization and association areas
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39
Q

Processes involved in the cerebral cortex

A
  • perception
  • memory
  • cognition
  • language
  • emotion
  • decision-making
  • voluntary movement
  • basically everything human
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40
Q

hemispheres

A
  • the left and right “halves” of the cerebral cortex
  • each possesses specialized functions
  • operate contra-laterally
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41
Q

Corpus callosum

A

-bundle of nerve fibers which connect the two hemispheres

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42
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • located in both the left and right hemispheres
  • processes auditory stimuli
  • left temporal lobe specializes in language
  • right specializes in music
  • abnormality involves aphasia
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43
Q

Auditory cortex

A
  • located in both the left and right temporal lobes
  • processes pitch and volume
  • includes Wernicke’s area
  • right auditory cortex is key to understanding music and tone
  • smell is processed in the anterior portions
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44
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • key to understanding written and spoken languages

- located in the left temporal lobe

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45
Q

Occipital lobes

A
  • includes the visual cortex
  • processes light stimuli
  • functions contra laterally
  • abnormality involves alexia
46
Q

Parietal lobes

A
  • processes body sensations: warmth, cold, pain, pressure, texture, etc.
  • also includes visual-spatial processing
47
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A
  • area of the parietal lobe

- specific areas are dedicated to “touch” stimuli from the entire body

48
Q

Frontal Lobes

A
  • cognition
  • control of emotions
  • executive functioning: planning, organization, initiation of action
49
Q

Motor cortex

A
  • next to the somatosensory cortex

- enables voluntary muscle control

50
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • area of the left frontal lobe

- controls muscle movements involved with speech

51
Q

Limbic system

A
  • the emotion-center of the brain

- main structures are hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala (the hippos and amy)

52
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • controls basic instincts: hunger, thirst, sex drive, and fear response
  • controls the autonomic nervous system
  • links the nervous system with the endocrine system
53
Q

Hippocampus

A

-essential for the formation of long-term memories

54
Q

Amygdala

A
  • fear central
  • processes strong emotion
  • interacts with the hypothalamus and hippocampus to coordinate both a fight/flight response and to remember
55
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • initiates movement

- operant learning

56
Q

Central core

A

structure located on top of the brain stem, just below the forebrain

57
Q

Thalamus

A
  • relays signals between the cerebral cortex and the brain stem
  • involved in memory, alertness/consciousness
58
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • responsible for fine/integrated muscle movement
  • posture
  • equilibrium
  • procedural//muscle memory
59
Q

Brain stem

A
  • the oldest structure of the brain
  • lies at the top of the spinal cord
  • systems maintain basic vital functions
  • includes pons, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation
60
Q

Pons

A
  • bridge between both hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and the medulla and cerebellum
  • involved with sleep and dreaming
61
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • controls respiration
  • controls heartbeat
  • controls blood pressure
62
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • on/off switch and filter/volume control for incoming stimuli
  • network of neurons responsible for levels of arousal/consciousness from awake to asleep
63
Q

Spinal cord

A

-major neural highway
-extends from the base of the brain to the base of the back
-comprised most of glial cells and interneurons
-conduit for most neural communications between the brain and peripheral nervous system
where complex reflexes occur

64
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

-links the CNS with the rest of the body

65
Q

Somatic system

A
  • provides info to the brain regarding skeletal muscles

- stimulates voluntary muscle movement

66
Q

Autonomic system

A

-controls involuntary automatic systems and organs (heart, intestines, eyes)

67
Q

Sympathetic system

A

-causes arousal responses: increases heart rate, increases respiration, concentrates blood from internal organs to muscles, dilates pupils, prepares for survival response

68
Q

Parasympathetic system

A
  • counters the actions of the sympathetic system

- calms, seeks homeostasis

69
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • system of glands which produces chemical messengers (hormones)
  • hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and carry their messages to receptor sites throughout the body
70
Q

Pituitary gland

A

-the master gland
-secretes hormones which signal/activate the other glands
-linked to the nervous system by the hypothalamus
-stimulates growth
-produces FSH
produces LH

71
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

-stimulates production of sperm and ova

72
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

-stimulates ovaries

73
Q

Pineal gland

A

-produces melatonin

74
Q

Melatonin

A

-regulates sleep cycle

75
Q

Thyroid

A

-produces thyroxine

76
Q

Thyroxine

A

-regulates metabolism

77
Q

Parathyroid

A

-maintains calcium levels in the blood

78
Q

Adrenal gland

A

-produces adrenaline, norepinephrine, and cortisol

79
Q

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

-prepares for fight/flight response

80
Q

Cortisol

A

-associated with stress

81
Q

Pancreas

A

-produces insulin and glucagon

82
Q

Insulin and glucagon

A

-regulate blood-sugar levels

83
Q

Ovaries

A

-produce estrogen and progesterone

84
Q

Estrogen

A
  • reproductive hormone

- activates development of secondary sex characteristics

85
Q

Progesterone

A

-maintains pregnancy

86
Q

Testes

A

-produce testosterone

87
Q

Testosterone

A
  • reproductive hormone

- activates development of secondary sex characteristics

88
Q

EEG

A
  • electroencephalograph

- measures brain waves

89
Q

CAT

A
  • computerizes tomography

- use of X-rays to produce static pictures

90
Q

PET

A
  • positron emission tomography
  • radioactive glucose-like fluid injected into bloodstream
  • generates images of brain activity as it metabolizes the glucose
91
Q

MRI/fMR

A
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging

- produces high-resolution images of the brain

92
Q

DTI

A

?

93
Q

Hippocrates

A
  • pre-socratic physician/philosopher

- perceived illnesses as caused by physical sources

94
Q

Plato

A
  • student of Socrates

- perceived the mind as located in the head

95
Q

Franz Gall

A
  • German anatomist and physiologist

- pioneered localization of brain function leading to theory of phrenology

96
Q

Phones Gage

A
  • railroad worker from the 1800s
  • had a serious accident which impacted/altered his personality
  • classic case study on the relationship between the brain and behavior
97
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • French researcher

- located an area in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production (Broca’s area)

98
Q

Carl Wernicke

A
  • German researcher

- located the area in the left temporal lobe responsible for comprehending speech and reading (Wernicke’s area)

99
Q

Ramon Cajal

A
  • considered the father of modern neuroscience

- provided detailed drawings of the microscopic structure of brain cells

100
Q

Wilder Penfield

A
  • pioneer in neurosurgery

- mapped many of the functions in the various areas of the brain

101
Q

Sperry and Gazzaniga

A
  • brain researchers in the area of split-brain research
  • led to a greater understanding of the unique functions of each of the cerebral hemispheres and how the hemispheres communicate with each other
102
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

-branch of biopsychology dealing with the relationship between our genetic makeup and our environment, and its influence on our behavior

103
Q

Cell anatomy

A
  • nucleus

- chromosomes

104
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • DNA/RNA
  • genes
  • chromosomal abnormalities
105
Q

Genes

A
  • genotype: genetic make-up, inherited factors

- phenotype: observable characteristics, the expression of genetic and non-genetic factors

106
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A
  • Turner syndrome
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome
  • Down syndrome
107
Q

Genetic research

A

-twins studies
-adoption studies
-temperament studies
family studies

108
Q

Twin studies

A

Identical: twins with identical genetic make-up provide an ideal study of the relationship between inherited traits

  • those reared together
  • those reared apart

Fraternal:
-dizygotic

109
Q

Heritability/Hereditability

A

?

110
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • branch of biopsychology which evaluates any topic in psychology in light of the principles of: natural selection, adaptation, mutation
  • Sociobiology: meme theory

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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