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MCAT BIO > Sensation, perception > Flashcards

Sensation, perception Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus and that porportion is constant over most range

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2
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Effects of nonsensory factors, like experiences motives and expectations, on perception of stimuli

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3
Q

Cornea

A

Gathers and filters incoming light

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4
Q

Iris

A

Divides front of eye into anterior and posterior chambers. Contains dilator and constrictor pupillae, open and close pupil

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5
Q

Lens

A

Refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina and is held by suspensory ligaments connected to ciliary muscle

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6
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Produced by ciliary body, drains through canal of Schlemm

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7
Q

Macula

A

Mostly contains cones, especially in fovea at the center

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8
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Rods and cones synapse on these, which synapse on ganlglion cells

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9
Q

Sclera

A

White, structural part of eye

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10
Q

Vitreous

A

Bulk of eye on the inside

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11
Q

Visual pathway

A

Eye, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, LGN of thalamus, visual radiations, visual cortex

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12
Q

Parvocellular pathway

A

Top four layers of retina-geniculate-striate pathway
80% of its retinal ganglion cells
Detect shape, High spatial, low temporal resolution

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13
Q

Magnocellular pathway

A

20% of retinal ganglion cells
Receives input from rods mostly,
Low spatial, high temporal resolution

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14
Q

Ossicles

A

MIddle ear
Malleus, incus, stapes
footplate of stapes rests on oval window. Connected to nasal cavity via Eustachian tube

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15
Q

Bony labrynth

A

Inner ear. Contains membranous labrynth. Filled with perilymph

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16
Q

Membranous labrynth

A

Contains endolymph, and consists of cochlea, utricle and saccule and semicircular canals

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17
Q

utricle and saccule (otoliths)

A

Detect linear acceleration
Utricle: horizontal
Saccule: vertical

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18
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Detect rotational acceleration (head)

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19
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Proprioception. Ability to tell where your 3d location is

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20
Q

Law of Pragnaz

A

Perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, symmetric as possible

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21
Q

Information processing model

A

Brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer

22
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor: manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions (object permanence), preoperational: symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration, concrete operational: understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects,
formal operational: abstract thought, problem-solving

23
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem-solving

24
Q

Heuristics

A

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

25
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

light sleep dominated by theta waves

26
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

slightly deeper and includes theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes

27
Q

Stage 3/4

A

Deep (slow-wave) sleep. Delta waves predominate on EEG

Sleep disorders occur here NREM sleep

28
Q

REM

A

paradoxical, mind appears close to awake on EEG, but person is asleep

29
Q

Melatonin

A

Released by the pineal gland, result in sleepiness

Cortisol helps promote wakefulness

30
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea,

31
Q

Parasomnia

A

Night terror, sleep walking

32
Q

Depressants

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, promote GABA activity in the brain

33
Q

Stimulants

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. Increase dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin concentration at synaptic cleft

34
Q

Opiates

A

Heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone.Can cause respiratory depression

35
Q

Hallucinogens

A

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushrooms

36
Q

Marijuana

A

Depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol

37
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

mediates drug addiction, includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is main NT

38
Q

Nativist theory

A

Explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by language acquisition device

39
Q

Learning theory

A

Explains language acquisition as being caused by motivation to communicate and interact with others

40
Q

Whorfian hypothesis

A

lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

41
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

connects Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area

damage results in conduction aphasia

42
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension

43
Q

Photopic vision

A

High illumination, facilitated by cones to generate colored perceptions of high acuity

44
Q

Scotopic vision

A

Low illumination, facilitated by rods to generate sensitive but less detailed perceptions

45
Q

What is responsible for perceiving edges

A

Rods in retina, there are waaaay more

46
Q

General ratio of rods to cones in eye

A

120mil to 6 mil so 20:1

47
Q

High frequencies create more stimulation at which point of basilar membrane, and where in Sylvian fissure

A

Closer to base of cochlea, deep into Sylvian fissure

48
Q

Low frequencies create more stimulation at which point of basilar membrane, and where in Sylvian fissure

A

Apex of cochlea , shallow region of Sylvian fissure called Heschl’s gyrus

49
Q

Alpha delta fibers

A

Myelinated axons of medium diameter that are responsible for conducting information about temperature and fast pain

50
Q

Retinal is derived from _____

A

Vitamin A

51
Q

Upon absorbing a photon, retinal converts to its ___ form, which triggers a series of reactions which ultimately closes the _____ and the cell (hyper/de)polarizes

A

All-trans form. Sodium channel, hyperpolarizes

52
Q

Rods and cones release NT ___ onto bipolar cells when depolarized in the dark

A

Glutamate (inhibiting them from firing)

MCAT BIO (9 decks)

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