Circulatory, Respiratory

Question 1

Primary rhythmic output that drives respiration originates at

Answer 1

Medulla oblongata

Question 2

Functional unit of gas exchange in the lungs

Answer 2

Alveolus

Question 3

Diaphragm is innervated by the

Answer 3

Phrenic nerves originating at C3-C5 of spinal cord

Question 4

CO2 travels to the lung in all EXCEPT:

dissolved CO2, carbamate bound to proteins, histidine residues, bicarbonate ion

Answer 4

Carbamate bound to proteins

Question 5

During respiration, [CO2] is lowest

Answer 5

In the alveoli-free airways at the end of inspiration

Question 6

Haldane effect

Answer 6

For any partial pressure of CO2, the total amount of CO2 increases as the partial pressure of O2 decreases

Question 7

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

Answer 7

Cyclic waxing and waning of tidal volume amplitudes, sleeping at high altitude

Question 8

Chronic emphysema leads to all EXCEPT:

Hypoxia, hypercapnia, pulmonary hypotension, increased work load of the right heart

Answer 8

Pulmonary hypotension

Question 9

In an ocean breath-holding dive to 10m, lung volume

Answer 9

decreases twofold

Question 10

Systole:

Answer 10

Left ventricle contraction, propelling blood out the aorta into arties, BP 120 mmHg

Question 11

Diastole:

Answer 11

ventricles relax, fill w blood, and arterial pressure reduces to around 80mmHg

Question 12

Arteries

Answer 12

durable. Thick walls of smooth muscle and connective tissue with both collagenous and elastic fibers

Question 13

Blood vessels

Answer 13

lined with epithelial cells, endothelial,

• Damage leads to atherosclerosis, cholesterol can build up and form plaque—arteriosclerosis

Question 14

Arterioles

Answer 14

arteries branch to form these. Major area of resistance in cardio system
• Strong muscular walls, regulated by metabolites in blood

Question 15

Capillaries

Answer 15

diffusion takes place here
• Greatest cross-sectional area
• Unicellular layer of endothelial cells, surrounded by basement membrane

Question 16

Veins

Answer 16

Pressure reduces to 0-25 mmHg
• 50% of total blood volume resides here
• One-way valves
o Failure of these causes varicose veins

Question 17

Sinoatrial node (SA):

Answer 17

• Near junction of superior VC and right atrium

* Point of origin for electrical impulse that propagates to the rest of the heart

Question 18

Atrioventricular node (AV):

Answer 18

lower portion of right atrium near right ventricle
• Impuse from SA spreads to AV, then to bundle of His
• AV takes over if SA is damaged, slows heart rate

Question 19

What NT released at SA increases heart rate?

Answer 19

Norepi/ epi released by adrenal medulla

Question 20

Poiseuille’s Law

Answer 20

equation for blood flow.
• Flow rate proportional to R^4, extremely dependent on radius
• Flow rate inversely proportional to length
• High viscosity—low flow rate
• Difference in pressure drives blood

Question 21

Fick’s Law:

Answer 21

governs diffusion, with net flux depending on concentration gradient, diffusion coeff, etc

Question 22

Edema

Answer 22

results from blockage of lymph flow through the lymphatic system
• Increase in interstitial fluid, can’t be reabsorbed

Question 23

Thrombin

Answer 23

serine protease involved in blood clotting.

• Works via cascade process

Question 24

Vitamin K:

Answer 24

• Necessary enzyme has an absolute requirement for Vitamin K, so blood clotting issues arise without it
• Warfarin: Vitamin K antagonist, causes

Question 25

Type II alveolar epithelial cells secrete:

Answer 25

pulmonary surfactant, help ease of breathing

Question 26

Air composition:

Answer 26

78% N2, 21% O2, 0.3% CO2, 0.7% H2O

Question 27

Asthma

Answer 27

hypersensitivity to airborne antigens, mast cells release things that cause smooth muscle to spasm and constrict

Question 28

3 types of Carbon Dioxide presence

Answer 28

70% carried in blood via bicarbonate, 20% carried by hemoglobin, 10% dissolved in plasma and red blood cells

Question 29

Breathing rhythm is controlled by

Answer 29

medulla and pons in brainstem

Question 30

What can cause peripheral edema

Answer 30

Congestive heart failure, sickle cell anemia, kidney disfunction

Question 31

Buffy coat of blood

Answer 31

Contains majority of white immune material. Contains lymphocytes

Question 32

Hematocrit

Answer 32

Contains red blood ( hemoglobin, erythrocytes)

Question 33

Blood plasma

Answer 33

Fluid and circulating proteins, antibodies