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MCAT BIO > Development, Reproduction > Flashcards

Development, Reproduction Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neural tube

A

Notochord stimulates overlying ectoderm to fold over, creating tube. Tube becomes CNS

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2
Q

Neural crest

A

On top of neural tube, differentiate into many tissues

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3
Q

Moro reflex

A

Extends arms, then slowly retracts them and cries to sensation of falling

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4
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Big toe is extended and other toes fan in response to brushing of foot

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5
Q

Interstitial cells (of Leydig)

A

Secrete T and other male sex hormones (androgens)

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6
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Nourish sperm

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7
Q

Seminal vessicles

A

Contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce alkaline fluid

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8
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Produce clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates urethra during sexual arousal

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis produces ___ from a spermatogonium

A

4 haploid sperm

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10
Q

Acrosome

A

Head of sperm, modified golgi apparatus that contains enzymes to help sperm fuse and penetrate ovum

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11
Q

Midpiece of sperm

A

Generates ATP from fructose and contains many mitochondria

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12
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect oocyte and contain compounds for sperm binding

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13
Q

Corona radiata

A

layer of cells that adhere to the oocyte during ovulation

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14
Q

GnRH

A

released from hypothalamus, causes release of FSH and LH

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15
Q

Male FSH

A

Stimulates sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis

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16
Q

Male LH

A

Causes interstitial cells to produce T

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17
Q

Female FSH

A

Stimulates development of ovarian follicles

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18
Q

Female LH

A

causes ovulation, with FSH stimulates estrogen and progesterone production

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19
Q

Follicular phase

A

GnRH secretion stimulates FSH and LH, promoting follicle development
E is released, stimulating vascularization and glandularization of decidua

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20
Q

Ovulation

A

Stimulated by sudden surge of LH. Occurs because estrogen stops having negative feedback effects at a certain threshhold and begins showing positive feedback

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21
Q

Luteal phase

A

LH promotes ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone that maintains uterine lining
High E and P levels cause neg feedback on GnRH FSH, LH

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22
Q

hCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin.
LH analogue, maintians corpus luteum.
Levels drop off after first trimester as placenta takes over P production

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23
Q

Morula

A

Solid mass of cells in early development

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24
Q

Chorion

A

contains chorionic villi, which penetrate endometrium and create interface between maternal and fetal blood

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25
Q

Allantois

A

Early fluid exchange between embryo and yolk sac

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26
Q

Amnion

A

Just inside chorion and produces amniotic fluid

27
Q

Ectoderm

A

Becomes epidermis, hair, nails, and epithelia of nose and mouth and anal canal, as well as nervous system and lens

28
Q

Mesoderm

A

Musculoskeletal, circulatory, excretory systems. Gonads, connective tissue, adrenal cortex

29
Q

Endoderm

A

Epithelial linings of the respiratory digestive tracts, and parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tracts

30
Q

Neurulation

A

Development of nervous system, after formation of germ layers

31
Q

Notochord

A

Induces a group of overlying ectodermal cells to form neural folds –> neural groove

32
Q

Totipotent cells

A

able to differentiate into all cell types, including three germ layers and placental structures

33
Q

Pluripotent cells

A

can differentiate into all three of the germ layers and their derivatives

34
Q

Multipotent cells

A

Able to differentiate only into a specific subset of cell types

35
Q

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

A

has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which also assists in the transfer of oxygen into fetal circulatory system

36
Q

Foramen ovale

A

connects right atrium to left atrium, bypassing lungs (fetus)

37
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Connects pulmonary artery to aorta, bypassing lungs (fetus)

38
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava, bypassing liver

39
Q

Ampulla of fallopian tube

A

location of fertilization

40
Q

dizygotic twins

A

Fertilization of two eggs by two different sperm

41
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

splitting of a zygote into two. Distinguished by shared placenta

42
Q

Trophoblast

A

Becomes placental structures

43
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Becomes developing organism

44
Q

Placenta

A

Blastula implants in endometrial lining to form it

45
Q

Chorion

A

Contains chorionic villi, penetrate endometrium and create interface between maternal and fetal blood

46
Q

Gastrulation

A

archenteron is formed with blastopore at the end. Archenteron grows through blastocoel, contacts other side and establishes germ layers

47
Q

Neurulation

A

Development of nervous system, after formation of germ layers

48
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that interfere with development, causing defects or death of embryo (alcohol, drugs, viruses, bacteria, environmental chemicals

49
Q

Morphogens

A

Promote development down a specific cell line

50
Q

Determination

A

Commitment to a specific cell lineage, which may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis or by morphogens

51
Q

Differentiation

A

Changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on characteristics appropriate to its line

52
Q

Apoptotic blebs

A

Can be absorbed and digested by other cells. Protects insides from causing issues outside the cell

53
Q

Senescence

A

Result of multiple molecular and metabolic processes: most notably, the shortening of telomeres during cell division

54
Q

Umbilical veins

A

Carries oxygenated blood from placenta back to fetus

55
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

56
Q

First trimester

A

Organogenesis (heart, eyes, gonads, limbs, liver, brain)

57
Q

Second trimester

A

Tremendous growth, movement, face distinction, digits

58
Q

Third trimester

A

Rapid growth, brain development, transfer of antibodies

59
Q

Things during birth

A

Cervix thins out, amniotic sac ruptures. Uterine contractions, coordinated by prostaglandins and oxytocin result in expulsion of fetus. Placenta and umbilical cord follow

60
Q 
Which will have the greatest nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio?
8 cell embryo
Morula
Blastula
Zygote
A

Blastula. Stage with greatest amount of cells during development

61
Q

What germ layer forms the notochord

A

Mesoderm

62
Q

Influence of a specific group of cells on differentiation of another group is called:

A

Induction

63
Q

Telomerase

A

Prevents cell death/ apoptosis

64
Q

Order of early developmental milestones during embryogenesis

A

Morula –> Blastula –> Gastrula

MCAT BIO (9 decks)

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