Nerve, Muscle

Question 1

Fibroblasts

Answer 1

secretes proteins of structural connective tissue

Collagen, reticulin, elastin

Question 2

Collagen

Answer 2

triple-stranded, insoluble, fibrous. Highly cross-linked, high tensile strength—most abundant in mammals

Question 3

Chondrocyte

Answer 3

secretes cartilage

Question 4

osteoblast

Answer 4

secrete collagen (1/3) of bone mass

Question 5

mast cells

Answer 5

found in respiratory and GI tract, •Release histamines that respond to allergic reaction, infection, injury
•Increase blood flow to affected area

Question 6

Calcium channels

Answer 6

As action potential reaches bouton, triggers opening
• Causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release NT into cleft
• Ca pumped out of cytosol and back into ECF

Question 7

Acetylcholinisterase

Answer 7

binds to surface of postsynaptic membrane and hydrolyzes acetylcholine to acetate and choline, which are recycled into presynaptic and used to make more

Question 8

Z-line (sarcomere)

Answer 8

boundary of each contractile unit

Question 9

Actin

Answer 9

thin contractile protein
• In I-bands, between the myosin A-bands
• Composed of G actin, roughly spherical in shape
• Two rows of G actin monomers form helix

Question 10

I-band

Answer 10

contains actin, between myosin A-bands

Question 11

A-band

Answer 11

contains myosin

Question 12

Myosin

Answer 12

Thick contractile protein
• A-band region
• H zone is the part between actin filaments
• Arranged towards center of sarcomere, give dark bands on muscle tissue
• Myosin heads concentrated on terminal regions
• ATP bound to myosin heads reduces its affinity to bind to actin

Question 13

H-zone

Answer 13

space between actin filaments

Question 14

Tropomyosin

Answer 14

runs the length of grooves in actin, covers up binding sites and prevents head groups of myosin from attaching

Question 15

Troponin

Answer 15

•When Ca is bound, shifts position to expose myosin head binding sites, works with tropomyosin

Question 16

Parasympathetic nerve fibers leave from the:

Answer 16

sacral poprtion of spinal cord and from the midbrain (mesencephalon) and from medulla rhombencephalon)

Question 17

Parasympathetic pre/postganglionic nerve length, NT

Answer 17

pre: long, post: short. Both release ACh (cholinergic)

Question 18

Most prominent parasympathetic nerve

Answer 18

Vagus. Innervates heart, lungs, stomach, liver, small and large intestine, kidneys, etc

Question 19

Sympathetic nerve fibers branch from:

Answer 19

thoracic and lumbar

Question 20

Sympathetic pre/postganglionic nerve length, NTs

Answer 20

pre: short, ACh (cholinergic) post: long, norepinephrine (adrenergic) .

Question 21

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 21

unmyelinated nerve ending encapsulated in layers of connective tissue
• Afferent nerve that leaves is myelinated
• Amplitude of action potentials never increases, only frequency

Question 22

Astrocyte

Answer 22

Nourish neurons and form the BBB, which controls the transmission of solutes from bloodstream into nervous tissue

Question 23

Ependymal cells

Answer 23

line ventricles of brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid, which physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber

Question 24

Microglia

Answer 24

Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in CNS

Question 25

Na+/K+ ATPase

Answer 25

pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium in

Question 26

Excitatory signals cause

Answer 26

Depolarization

Question 27

Inhibitory signals cause

Answer 27

Hyperpolarization

Question 28

Electrochemical gradient

Answer 28

Sodium flows into the nueron and continues depolarizing it

Question 29

Refractory period

Answer 29

When axon is hyperpolarized

Question 30

Absolute refractory period

Answer 30

Cell is unable to fire another action potential

Question 31

Relative refractory period

Answer 31

Requires a larger stimulus to fire an action potential

Question 32

Reuptake channels

Answer 32

Absorb NTs back into the presynaptic cell

Question 33

White/ grey matter in spinal cord and brain

Answer 33

Brain: white matter is deeper | Spinal cord: grey matter is deeper

Question 34

White matter

Answer 34

Myelinated axons

Question 35

Grey matter

Answer 35

Unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

Question 36

Reflex arcs

Answer 36

Use ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay info to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

Question 37

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Answer 37

sensory (afferent, presynaptic) neuron fires directly onto the motor (efferent, postsynaptic) neuron

Question 38

Polysynaptic reflex arc

Answer 38

Sensory neuron may fire onto a motor neuron as well as interneurons that fire onto other motor neurons

Question 39

How many types of info can nerves carry

Answer 39

more than one

Question 40

How many types of info can tracts carry

Answer 40

only one

Question 41

Where to sensory neurons go

Answer 41

Afferent, enter spinal cord on dorsal side

Question 42

In which neural structure are ribosomes primarily located?

Answer 42

Soma

Question 43

Accidentally clip a root ganglion during spinal surgery, what is a likely consequence?

Answer 43

Loss of sensation at that level

Question 44

Bundle of axons in CNS is called a

Answer 44

Tract, cell bodies are grouped into nuclei

Question 45

Bundles of neurons in PNS

Answer 45

Nerves. Sensory, motor, or mixed | Cell bodies cluster into ganglia

Question 46

Dorsal root ganglia

Answer 46

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons found

Question 47

Motor neurons exit the spinal cord (ventrally/dorsally)

Answer 47

Ventrally

Question 48

Binding of GABA to postsynaptic receptor most likely results in:

Answer 48

Hyperpolarization and generation of IPSP

Question 49

Pathway of pain in right hand from brain back to hand

Answer 49

Efferent nerve tract and ventral horn via somatic nervous system

Question 50

Tonic receptors

Answer 50

Respond continuously for entire duration of stimulus (nociceptors)

Question 51

Phasic receptors

Answer 51

Respond quickly to stimulus but stop soon after (Thermoreceptors)

Question 52

phi phenomenon

Answer 52

apparent motion caused by rapid succession of stationary stimuli (flipbooks)

Question 53

Where are sympathetic preganglion nerve bodies?

Answer 53

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Also called "thoraco-lumbar system"

Question 54

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?

Answer 54

Brainstem or sacral portion of spinal cord. "craniosacral system"

Question 55

Which of the pre/post ganglionic neurons uses Norepi?

Answer 55

Sympathetic postganglionic neuron

Question 56

Adrenal medulla is derived from what tissue?

Answer 56

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

Question 57

Pacinian corpuscules

Answer 57

Mechanoreceptors deep in the skin. Shaped like an onion , concentric layers of membranes that depolarize with pressure (graded not action potentials)

Question 58

Electromagnetic receptors

Answer 58

Rods and cone cells in retina (photoreceptors) | In other animals, there are also magnetoreceptors

Question 59

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 59

Monitor tension in the tendons

Question 60

Joint capsule receptors

Answer 60

Detect pressure, tension, movement in the joints