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MCAT BIO > Nerve, Muscle > Flashcards

Nerve, Muscle Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fibroblasts

A

secretes proteins of structural connective tissue

Collagen, reticulin, elastin

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2
Q

Collagen

A

triple-stranded, insoluble, fibrous. Highly cross-linked, high tensile strength—most abundant in mammals

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3
Q

Chondrocyte

A

secretes cartilage

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4
Q

osteoblast

A

secrete collagen (1/3) of bone mass

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5
Q

mast cells

A

found in respiratory and GI tract, •Release histamines that respond to allergic reaction, infection, injury
•Increase blood flow to affected area

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6
Q

Calcium channels

A

As action potential reaches bouton, triggers opening
• Causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release NT into cleft
• Ca pumped out of cytosol and back into ECF

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7
Q

Acetylcholinisterase

A

binds to surface of postsynaptic membrane and hydrolyzes acetylcholine to acetate and choline, which are recycled into presynaptic and used to make more

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8
Q

Z-line (sarcomere)

A

boundary of each contractile unit

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9
Q

Actin

A

thin contractile protein
• In I-bands, between the myosin A-bands
• Composed of G actin, roughly spherical in shape
• Two rows of G actin monomers form helix

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10
Q

I-band

A

contains actin, between myosin A-bands

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11
Q

A-band

A

contains myosin

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12
Q

Myosin

A

Thick contractile protein
• A-band region
• H zone is the part between actin filaments
• Arranged towards center of sarcomere, give dark bands on muscle tissue
• Myosin heads concentrated on terminal regions
• ATP bound to myosin heads reduces its affinity to bind to actin

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13
Q

H-zone

A

space between actin filaments

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14
Q

Tropomyosin

A

runs the length of grooves in actin, covers up binding sites and prevents head groups of myosin from attaching

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15
Q

Troponin

A

•When Ca is bound, shifts position to expose myosin head binding sites, works with tropomyosin

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16
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers leave from the:

A

sacral poprtion of spinal cord and from the midbrain (mesencephalon) and from medulla rhombencephalon)

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17
Q

Parasympathetic pre/postganglionic nerve length, NT

A

pre: long, post: short. Both release ACh (cholinergic)

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18
Q

Most prominent parasympathetic nerve

A

Vagus. Innervates heart, lungs, stomach, liver, small and large intestine, kidneys, etc

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19
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibers branch from:

A

thoracic and lumbar

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20
Q

Sympathetic pre/postganglionic nerve length, NTs

A

pre: short, ACh (cholinergic) post: long, norepinephrine (adrenergic) .

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21
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

unmyelinated nerve ending encapsulated in layers of connective tissue
• Afferent nerve that leaves is myelinated
• Amplitude of action potentials never increases, only frequency

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22
Q

Astrocyte

A

Nourish neurons and form the BBB, which controls the transmission of solutes from bloodstream into nervous tissue

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23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line ventricles of brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid, which physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber

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24
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in CNS

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25
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium in

26
Q

Excitatory signals cause

A

Depolarization

27
Q

Inhibitory signals cause

A

Hyperpolarization

28
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Sodium flows into the nueron and continues depolarizing it

29
Q

Refractory period

A

When axon is hyperpolarized

30
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Cell is unable to fire another action potential

31
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Requires a larger stimulus to fire an action potential

32
Q

Reuptake channels

A

Absorb NTs back into the presynaptic cell

33
Q

White/ grey matter in spinal cord and brain

A

Brain: white matter is deeper

Spinal cord: grey matter is deeper

34
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

35
Q

Grey matter

A

Unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

36
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Use ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay info to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

37
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc

A

sensory (afferent, presynaptic) neuron fires directly onto the motor (efferent, postsynaptic) neuron

38
Q

Polysynaptic reflex arc

A

Sensory neuron may fire onto a motor neuron as well as interneurons that fire onto other motor neurons

39
Q

How many types of info can nerves carry

A

more than one

40
Q

How many types of info can tracts carry

A

only one

41
Q

Where to sensory neurons go

A

Afferent, enter spinal cord on dorsal side

42
Q

In which neural structure are ribosomes primarily located?

A

Soma

43
Q

Accidentally clip a root ganglion during spinal surgery, what is a likely consequence?

A

Loss of sensation at that level

44
Q

Bundle of axons in CNS is called a

A

Tract, cell bodies are grouped into nuclei

45
Q

Bundles of neurons in PNS

A

Nerves. Sensory, motor, or mixed

Cell bodies cluster into ganglia

46
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons found

47
Q

Motor neurons exit the spinal cord (ventrally/dorsally)

A

Ventrally

48
Q

Binding of GABA to postsynaptic receptor most likely results in:

A

Hyperpolarization and generation of IPSP

49
Q

Pathway of pain in right hand from brain back to hand

A

Efferent nerve tract and ventral horn via somatic nervous system

50
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Respond continuously for entire duration of stimulus (nociceptors)

51
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Respond quickly to stimulus but stop soon after (Thermoreceptors)

52
Q

phi phenomenon

A

apparent motion caused by rapid succession of stationary stimuli (flipbooks)

53
Q

Where are sympathetic preganglion nerve bodies?

A

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Also called “thoraco-lumbar system”

54
Q

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?

A

Brainstem or sacral portion of spinal cord. “craniosacral system”

55
Q

Which of the pre/post ganglionic neurons uses Norepi?

A

Sympathetic postganglionic neuron

56
Q

Adrenal medulla is derived from what tissue?

A

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

57
Q

Pacinian corpuscules

A

Mechanoreceptors deep in the skin. Shaped like an onion , concentric layers of membranes that depolarize with pressure (graded not action potentials)

58
Q

Electromagnetic receptors

A

Rods and cone cells in retina (photoreceptors)

In other animals, there are also magnetoreceptors

59
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Monitor tension in the tendons

60
Q

Joint capsule receptors

A

Detect pressure, tension, movement in the joints

MCAT BIO (9 decks)

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