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MCAT BIO > Immunology, Endocrinology, Neuro Physio > Flashcards

Immunology, Endocrinology, Neuro Physio Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which is NOT considered secondary lymphoid tissue?

Tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen

A

Thymus

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2
Q

As described by Celsus, four cardinal signs of inflammation include all EXCEPT:
Tumor, erythema, accumulation of pus, increase in tissue temp

A

Accumulation of pus

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3
Q

B-cell maturation begins in the:

A

marrow of large and long bones, like the femur

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4
Q

Which is the most abundant antibody class in the body?

A

IgG

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5
Q

Myeloid lineage of white blood cells arises from myeloid progenitor stem cell, which does NOT include:
platelets, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages

A

Platelets (red blood cells)

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6
Q

All of these are tissue macrophages EXCEPT

Microglial, mesangial, Kupffer, plasma cells

A

Plasma cells

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7
Q

Immunoglobulins are composed of

A

two light chains, two heavy chains

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8
Q

Interactions between antigens and antibodies DON’T include:

Covalent, VDW, hydrophobic, ionic

A

Covalent

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9
Q

TH cells CD coreceptor and MHC class

A

CD4, MHC class II

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10
Q

Individuals with blood type AB would be expected to have A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs and

A

Neither the anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in their serum

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11
Q

Pleiotropism

A

Cytokines can have different bioactivities when bound to different immune cell types

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12
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory information

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13
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

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14
Q

Midbrain

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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15
Q

Forebrain

A

Thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Bridge between nervous and endocrine
Regulates pituitary via tropic hormones, hypophyseal portal system
Located in forebrain (above pituitary, below thalamus)
Maintains homeostasis– satiety, sleep-wake cycle, blood osmolarity

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17
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability. Dopamine deficit here= Parkinson’s

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18
Q

Limbic system

A

Septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, controls emotion and memory

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19
Q

Septal nuclei

A

Feelings of pleasure, addiction

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20
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear and aggression. Involved with attention, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

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21
Q

Hippocampus

A

Consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through fornix

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Divides into four lobes, outer portion of brain

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, speech

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24
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensations of touch, pressure, temp, pain; spatial processing; orientation, manipulation

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25
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual processing

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26
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Sound processing, speech perception, memory, emotion

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27
Q

Dominant hemisphere for language in most people?

A

Left

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28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Somatic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system, CNS (alertness)

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29
Q

Dopamine

A

Maintains smooth movements and steady posture. Plays a part in Parkinson’s and possible schizophrenia

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30
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural pain killers

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31
Q

Epinephrine/ Norepi

A

Wakefulness, alertness. Fight/flight mediator. Epi: hormone, Norepi: NT. Released by adrenal medulla

32
Q

GABA

A

Brain “stabilizer” Main inhibitory NT

33
Q

Serotonin

A

Modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating, dreaming

34
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone. Released by adrenal cortex

35
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Speech perception

36
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speech production

37
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing cells in islets of Langerhans are destroyed

38
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Caused by end-organ insensitivity to insulin

39
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Made up of amino acids, small to large
Generally fast but short-lived
Water-soluble, can travel in bloodstream and don’t require carriers
Derived from larger precursor polypeptides cleaved during posttranslational modification (Golgi)
Charged, can’t pass through PM, bind to extracellular receptor
Peptide hormone= first messenger

40
Q

Common second messengers

A

cAMP, IP3, Calcium

41
Q

G protein coupled receptor sequence

A

Peptide hormone binds, triggers activation/inactivation of adenylate cyclase, which raises/lowers cAMP –> cAMP binds to intracellular targets like protein kinase A, which phosphorylates factors like CREB and exerts the ultimate effect

42
Q

Steroid hormones

A

All derived from cholesterol
Produced primarily in gonads and adrenal cortex
Nonpolar, easily cross cell membrane
Can bind intracellularly or intranuclearly
can affect transcription
Slower but longer-lived effect
Not water-soluble, must be carried by proteins

43
Q

Amino Acid hormones

A

Less common.
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine
derived from 1-2 AAs

44
Q

Catecholamines

A

(epi, norepi) bind to G protein coupled receptors. AA hormones

45
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Made form tyrosine. AA hormones that bind intracellularly

46
Q

Direct hormones

A

Are secreted then act directly on target tissue

47
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Require an intermediary

GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH, which then act to stimulate T and E in fem

48
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

blood vessel system that directly connects hypothalamus with AP
Hormones go to pituitary stalk and bind receptors in AP, stimulating release of other hormones

49
Q

Hypophysis

A

Alt name for pituitary

50
Q

GnRH released by ____ causes

A

hypothalamus

AP releases FSH and LH

51
Q

GNRH released by ___ causes

A

hypothalamus

AP releases GH

52
Q

TRH released by ___ causes

A

hypothalamus

AP to release TSH

53
Q

CRF released by ___ causes

A

hypothalamus

AP to release ACTH

54
Q

ACTH in AP causes ____

A

Release of cortisol in adrenal cortex

55
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorption of water in collecting ducts of kidneys
In response to increased plasma osmolarity

56
Q

Hormones released by AP

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin (direct), endorphins, GH

57
Q

Prolactin is inhibited by

A

Release of dopamine from hypothalamus, so that lactation begins after birth

58
Q

Thyroid

A

Controlled by TSH from AP

basal metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis

59
Q

T3 and T4

A

Made in follicular cells of thyroid
Increased=increased cellular respiration
Controlled by negative feedback

60
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by parafollicular cells (C-cells)
decrease plasma calcium levels
stimulated by high levels of Ca in blood

61
Q

Parathyroid

A

PTH antagonistic to calcitonin, raising blood Ca

decreases expulsion of Ca in kidneys, increases absorption in gut, increases bone resorption

62
Q

Vitamin D

A

Activated by PTH

Required for absorption of calcium and phosphate in gut

63
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

top of kidneys

secretes corticosteroids

64
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

regulate glucose levels, affect protein metabolism

Cortisol/cortisone, incr gluconeogenesis and raise blood glucose

65
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Used in salt and water homeostasis
Aldosterone, increases sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Also decreases reabsorption of potassium and hydrogen ions

66
Q

Renin

A

decreased BP… cleaves angiotestinogen into angiotestinogen 1 –> 2, stimulates aldosterone

67
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epi, norepi (catecholamines)

68
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine, digestive substances

Endocrine, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

69
Q

alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans

A

Secretes glucagon

70
Q

beta cells of Islets of Langerhans

A

Secretes insulin

71
Q

Delta cells of Islets of Langerhans

A

Secretes somatostatin

72
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibitor of glucagon and insulin

Stimulated by high blood glucose and AA concentrations

73
Q

Pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin, maintains circadian rhythm

74
Q

Language centers typically reside only within the ___ hemisphere

A

left

75
Q

Thalamus doesn’t play a part in which sensory pathway

A

Olfaction, processed with the olfactory bulb

76
Q

Dual Hypothalamic hypothesis

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus interferes with homeostatic stop signal, resulting in obesity
later hypothalamus interferes with start signal, resulting in anorexia

77
Q

Neuro symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Neurofibrillary tangles inside the neurons and buildup of amyloid plaques around neurons

MCAT BIO (9 decks)

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