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MCAT BIO > Immunology, Endocrinology, Neuro Physio > Flashcards

Immunology, Endocrinology, Neuro Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Which is NOT considered secondary lymphoid tissue?

Tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen

A

Thymus

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2
Q

As described by Celsus, four cardinal signs of inflammation include all EXCEPT:
Tumor, erythema, accumulation of pus, increase in tissue temp

A

Accumulation of pus

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3
Q

B-cell maturation begins in the:

A

marrow of large and long bones, like the femur

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4
Q

Which is the most abundant antibody class in the body?

A

IgG

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5
Q

Myeloid lineage of white blood cells arises from myeloid progenitor stem cell, which does NOT include:
platelets, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages

A

Platelets (red blood cells)

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6
Q

All of these are tissue macrophages EXCEPT

Microglial, mesangial, Kupffer, plasma cells

A

Plasma cells

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7
Q

Immunoglobulins are composed of

A

two light chains, two heavy chains

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8
Q

Interactions between antigens and antibodies DON’T include:

Covalent, VDW, hydrophobic, ionic

A

Covalent

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9
Q

TH cells CD coreceptor and MHC class

A

CD4, MHC class II

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10
Q

Individuals with blood type AB would be expected to have A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs and

A

Neither the anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in their serum

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11
Q

Pleiotropism

A

Cytokines can have different bioactivities when bound to different immune cell types

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12
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory information

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13
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

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14
Q

Midbrain

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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15
Q

Forebrain

A

Thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Bridge between nervous and endocrine
Regulates pituitary via tropic hormones, hypophyseal portal system
Located in forebrain (above pituitary, below thalamus)
Maintains homeostasis– satiety, sleep-wake cycle, blood osmolarity

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17
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability. Dopamine deficit here= Parkinson’s

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18
Q

Limbic system

A

Septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, controls emotion and memory

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19
Q

Septal nuclei

A

Feelings of pleasure, addiction

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20
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear and aggression. Involved with attention, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

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21
Q

Hippocampus

A

Consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through fornix

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Divides into four lobes, outer portion of brain

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, speech

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24
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensations of touch, pressure, temp, pain; spatial processing; orientation, manipulation

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25
Occipital lobe
Visual processing
26
Temporal lobe
Sound processing, speech perception, memory, emotion
27
Dominant hemisphere for language in most people?
Left
28
Acetylcholine
Somatic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system, CNS (alertness)
29
Dopamine
Maintains smooth movements and steady posture. Plays a part in Parkinson's and possible schizophrenia
30
Endorphins
Natural pain killers
31
Epinephrine/ Norepi
Wakefulness, alertness. Fight/flight mediator. Epi: hormone, Norepi: NT. Released by adrenal medulla
32
GABA
Brain "stabilizer" Main inhibitory NT
33
Serotonin
Modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating, dreaming
34
Cortisol
Stress hormone. Released by adrenal cortex
35
Wernicke's area
Speech perception
36
Broca's area
Speech production
37
Type 1 Diabetes
autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing cells in islets of Langerhans are destroyed
38
Type 2 Diabetes
Caused by end-organ insensitivity to insulin
39
Peptide hormones
Made up of amino acids, small to large Generally fast but short-lived Water-soluble, can travel in bloodstream and don't require carriers Derived from larger precursor polypeptides cleaved during posttranslational modification (Golgi) Charged, can't pass through PM, bind to extracellular receptor Peptide hormone= first messenger
40
Common second messengers
cAMP, IP3, Calcium
41
G protein coupled receptor sequence
Peptide hormone binds, triggers activation/inactivation of adenylate cyclase, which raises/lowers cAMP --> cAMP binds to intracellular targets like protein kinase A, which phosphorylates factors like CREB and exerts the ultimate effect
42
Steroid hormones
All derived from cholesterol Produced primarily in gonads and adrenal cortex Nonpolar, easily cross cell membrane Can bind intracellularly or intranuclearly can affect transcription Slower but longer-lived effect Not water-soluble, must be carried by proteins
43
Amino Acid hormones
Less common. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine derived from 1-2 AAs
44
Catecholamines
(epi, norepi) bind to G protein coupled receptors. AA hormones
45
Thyroid hormones
Made form tyrosine. AA hormones that bind intracellularly
46
Direct hormones
Are secreted then act directly on target tissue
47
Tropic hormones
Require an intermediary | GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH, which then act to stimulate T and E in fem
48
Hypophyseal portal system
blood vessel system that directly connects hypothalamus with AP Hormones go to pituitary stalk and bind receptors in AP, stimulating release of other hormones
49
Hypophysis
Alt name for pituitary
50
GnRH released by ____ causes
hypothalamus | AP releases FSH and LH
51
GNRH released by ___ causes
hypothalamus | AP releases GH
52
TRH released by ___ causes
hypothalamus | AP to release TSH
53
CRF released by ___ causes
hypothalamus | AP to release ACTH
54
ACTH in AP causes ____
Release of cortisol in adrenal cortex
55
Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorption of water in collecting ducts of kidneys In response to increased plasma osmolarity
56
Hormones released by AP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin (direct), endorphins, GH
57
Prolactin is inhibited by
Release of dopamine from hypothalamus, so that lactation begins after birth
58
Thyroid
Controlled by TSH from AP | basal metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis
59
T3 and T4
Made in follicular cells of thyroid Increased=increased cellular respiration Controlled by negative feedback
60
Calcitonin
Secreted by parafollicular cells (C-cells) decrease plasma calcium levels stimulated by high levels of Ca in blood
61
Parathyroid
PTH antagonistic to calcitonin, raising blood Ca | decreases expulsion of Ca in kidneys, increases absorption in gut, increases bone resorption
62
Vitamin D
Activated by PTH | Required for absorption of calcium and phosphate in gut
63
Adrenal cortex
top of kidneys | secretes corticosteroids
64
Glucocorticoids
regulate glucose levels, affect protein metabolism | Cortisol/cortisone, incr gluconeogenesis and raise blood glucose
65
Mineralocorticoids
Used in salt and water homeostasis Aldosterone, increases sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Also decreases reabsorption of potassium and hydrogen ions
66
Renin
decreased BP... cleaves angiotestinogen into angiotestinogen 1 --> 2, stimulates aldosterone
67
Adrenal medulla
Epi, norepi (catecholamines)
68
Pancreas
Exocrine, digestive substances | Endocrine, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
69
alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans
Secretes glucagon
70
beta cells of Islets of Langerhans
Secretes insulin
71
Delta cells of Islets of Langerhans
Secretes somatostatin
72
Somatostatin
Inhibitor of glucagon and insulin | Stimulated by high blood glucose and AA concentrations
73
Pineal gland
secretes melatonin, maintains circadian rhythm
74
Language centers typically reside only within the ___ hemisphere
left
75
Thalamus doesn't play a part in which sensory pathway
Olfaction, processed with the olfactory bulb
76
Dual Hypothalamic hypothesis
Ventromedial hypothalamus interferes with homeostatic stop signal, resulting in obesity later hypothalamus interferes with start signal, resulting in anorexia
77
Neuro symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease
Neurofibrillary tangles inside the neurons and buildup of amyloid plaques around neurons

MCAT BIO (9 decks)

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