Cell physio

Question 1

Bacterial transformation

Answer 1

Acquisition of genetic material from the environment, which can be integrated into bacterial genome

Question 2

Bacterial conjugation

Answer 2

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a conjugation bridge, from F+ to F- cells, or from Hfr to recipient

Question 3

Bacterial transduction

Answer 3

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using bacteriophage vector

Question 4

Bacterial transposons

Answer 4

Genetic elements that can insert into/ remove themselves from the genome

Question 5

Gram-Positive

Answer 5

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall, lipoteichoic acid stimulates immune response

Question 6

Gram-Negative

Answer 6

Thin peptidoglycan cell wall, outer membrane of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides, which stimulate immune response

Question 7

Lytic cycle

Answer 7

Bacteriophage produces massive numbers until cell lyses. Virulent

Question 8

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 8

Virus integrates into host genome as a provirus/ prophage, then reproduces along with the cell

Question 9

Prions

Answer 9

Infectious proteins that trigger misfolding of other proteins, usually converting alpha to beta sheets. Decreases solubility and degradability

Question 10

Viroids

Answer 10

Plant pathogens, small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, metabolic and structural derangements of cell– possibly cell death

Question 11

Main function of nucleolus

Answer 11

Ribosomal RNA synthesis

Question 12

Function of Peroxisomes

Answer 12

Contain hydrogen peroxide and can break down very long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation. Participate in phospholipid synthesis and PPP

Question 13

Microtubules

Answer 13

Composed of tubulin.
Pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles
Structure of cilia and flagella
Centrioles are involved in microtubule organization

Question 14

Microfilaments

Answer 14

Composed of actin
Structural protection form cell and can cause muscle contraction through interactions with myosin.
Help form cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mitosis

Question 15

Intermediate filaments

Answer 15

Cell-cell adhesion/ maintenence of integrity of cytoskeleton
Help anchor organelles
(keratin, desmin)

Question 16

Prokaryotes carry out electron transport chain using ___

Answer 16

cell membrane

Question 17

Mitochondrial DNA is

Answer 17

Circular and self-replicating

Question 18

COPII

Answer 18

ER to the Golgi Body

Question 19

COPI

Answer 19

Vesicles coated in this are involved in retrograde transport from Golgi body to ER

Question 20

Where does protein folding take place?

Answer 20

ER, with further mod in golgi

Question 21

Lipid synthesis primarily occurs in the

Answer 21

SER

Question 22

Functions of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 22

Protein trafficking via secretory pathway
One of first steps in lysosome synth
Post-translational modifications (glycosylation)
Carbohydrate synth

Question 23

Signaling system of chemokines and cytokines

Answer 23

Paracrine signaling