Sensation & Perception Flashcards
Gestalt is a psychological term that means ____
“unified whole”
How to describe the principle of figure-ground
We perceive a difference between an object form from it surrounding
So, a form, silhouette or shape is perceived as a figure, while the surrounding area is perceived as ground
How do we call the phenomenon where objects close together are perceived as a whole
principle of proximity
how to call the phenomenon where patterns or groups are perceived according to how similar they look one to another
principle of similarity
what phenomenon occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed are perceived as a whole
Principle of closure
How do we call the phenomenon where the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object
principle of continuation
How to describe the principle of common fate
the phenomenon where objects that move together are grouped together are perceived as a WHOLE
Describe biological motion and what does it help us accomplish
the pattern of movement of living being
- we use motion to identify the nature of objects/beings
It helps us recognize specific people and human intentions
What is blindsight
a damage/lesion in the visual cortex that leads to conscious blindness
What can blindsight patients surprisingly do and why
In the blinded visual field
- identify object shape
- localize objects
- detect emotions in faces
Why?
due to unconscious vision
How is visual agnosia demonstrated
It is the inability to recognize visual objects
➯ impairment to the ventral pathway: What pathway
however, can recognize colours, shapes and faces
What is Prosopagnosia
It is the inability to recognize faces
However, patient show emotional responses to very close relatives. So, there may be an unconscious emotional recognition
How do we call the inability to detect motion and what pathway is impaired
Akinetopsia where patients see life in a series of snapshots.
*It is the dorsal pathway, WHERE pathway
How do sensory substitution works
“We see with our brains, not our eyes”
It is about the translation of tactile stimulation on the tongue into patterns and finally perception and images
What determined the perception of loudness
amplitude of sound
What are the names of the 3 ossicles and what are their roles
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
They amplify the signal, the vibration!
What are the two membranes creating the canals of the cochlea
the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane
Basilar membrane: where the hair cells are located
Tectorial membrane: floats above and connects to hair cells
What is the role of the basilar membrane
sound transduction
How does hair cells transduce mechanical movement from sound waves into neural activity (3 steps)
- fluid vibrations from sound → basilar membrane to move
- movement → cilial of hair cells (attached to the tectorial membrane) to bend
- the bending of hair cells → neural signal to be sent down to the auditory nerve
What are the 2 theories to explain how we interpret sound and what are their characteristics
- Place theory
Brain uses the location of neural firing to understand sound - Frequency theory
the brain also uses information about the rate of cells firing, so the more rapidly the cells fire, the higher the perception of pitch!
Where do the auditory information travels
the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus in the temporal lobes
How is called the spacial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway
Tonotopic organisation
How do we know where an auditory cue comes from and what 2 elements describe it
binaural cues!
1. Interaural time differences
difference in time
- Interaural level difference
the difference in the intensity of sounds that reach each ear
Considering that what we hear is shaped by our prior knowledge, is hearing a top-down or a bottom-up process
top-down process
