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Intro to Psych > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Gestalt is a psychological term that means ____

A

“unified whole”

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2
Q

How to describe the principle of figure-ground

A

We perceive a difference between an object form from it surrounding

So, a form, silhouette or shape is perceived as a figure, while the surrounding area is perceived as ground

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3
Q

How do we call the phenomenon where objects close together are perceived as a whole

A

principle of proximity

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4
Q

how to call the phenomenon where patterns or groups are perceived according to how similar they look one to another

A

principle of similarity

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5
Q

what phenomenon occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed are perceived as a whole

A

Principle of closure

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6
Q

How do we call the phenomenon where the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object

A

principle of continuation

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7
Q

How to describe the principle of common fate

A

the phenomenon where objects that move together are grouped together are perceived as a WHOLE

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8
Q

Describe biological motion and what does it help us accomplish

A

the pattern of movement of living being
- we use motion to identify the nature of objects/beings

It helps us recognize specific people and human intentions

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9
Q

What is blindsight

A

a damage/lesion in the visual cortex that leads to conscious blindness

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10
Q

What can blindsight patients surprisingly do and why

A

In the blinded visual field

  • identify object shape
  • localize objects
  • detect emotions in faces

Why?
due to unconscious vision

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11
Q

How is visual agnosia demonstrated

A

It is the inability to recognize visual objects
➯ impairment to the ventral pathway: What pathway

however, can recognize colours, shapes and faces

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12
Q

What is Prosopagnosia

A

It is the inability to recognize faces

However, patient show emotional responses to very close relatives. So, there may be an unconscious emotional recognition

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13
Q

How do we call the inability to detect motion and what pathway is impaired

A

Akinetopsia where patients see life in a series of snapshots.
*It is the dorsal pathway, WHERE pathway

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14
Q

How do sensory substitution works

“We see with our brains, not our eyes”

A

It is about the translation of tactile stimulation on the tongue into patterns and finally perception and images

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15
Q

What determined the perception of loudness

A

amplitude of sound

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16
Q

What are the names of the 3 ossicles and what are their roles

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes

They amplify the signal, the vibration!

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17
Q

What are the two membranes creating the canals of the cochlea

A

the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane

Basilar membrane: where the hair cells are located

Tectorial membrane: floats above and connects to hair cells

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18
Q

What is the role of the basilar membrane

A

sound transduction

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19
Q

How does hair cells transduce mechanical movement from sound waves into neural activity (3 steps)

A
  1. fluid vibrations from sound → basilar membrane to move
  2. movement → cilial of hair cells (attached to the tectorial membrane) to bend
  3. the bending of hair cells → neural signal to be sent down to the auditory nerve
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20
Q

What are the 2 theories to explain how we interpret sound and what are their characteristics

A
  1. Place theory
    Brain uses the location of neural firing to understand sound
  2. Frequency theory
    the brain also uses information about the rate of cells firing, so the more rapidly the cells fire, the higher the perception of pitch!
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21
Q

Where do the auditory information travels

A

the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus in the temporal lobes

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22
Q

How is called the spacial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway

A

Tonotopic organisation

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23
Q

How do we know where an auditory cue comes from and what 2 elements describe it

A

binaural cues!
1. Interaural time differences
difference in time

  1. Interaural level difference
    the difference in the intensity of sounds that reach each ear
24
Q

Considering that what we hear is shaped by our prior knowledge, is hearing a top-down or a bottom-up process

A

top-down process

25
Q

Touch:

What is the role of the Merkel receptor?

A

application and removal of pressure, there is a constant firing while pressure is applied

26
Q

How do we call the receptor that fire only during the application and removal - change in pressure

A

Meissner Corpuscle

27
Q

What do Ruffini cylinder interpret

A

stretch of skin

28
Q

What is Pacinian corpuscle sensitive to

A

Vibration and texture

29
Q

What sensory receptors signal information about changes in skin temperature and respond to chemical stimuli (capsaicin or menthol ;))

A

Thermoreceptor

30
Q

What are the sensory receptors that transmit information about painful stimulation that causes damage or potential damage to the skin

A

nociceptors

31
Q

how to define body schema modifications

A

the impressive phenomenon where tools or exterior body part can be integrated into our body schema

32
Q

what is a narrative

A

the phenomenon where our brain naturally find meaning patterns and CAUSALITY in our surrounding world

33
Q

What are the 2 types of all-encompassing narrative

A
  1. maximize : choose option that occurred the most frequently
  2. frequency match : guess according to previous frequency pattern
34
Q

Slip-brain patients have the tendency to create _____ to explain their confusion after certain behaviour/reaction

A

narratives!

35
Q

Experiment with split-brain patients led to think narratives are generated in which hemisphere

A

the left-hemisphere!

36
Q

Vision

What is the transparent tissue which allows light rays to enter the eye and focus on objects

A

Cornea

37
Q

What does the lens allow

A

Allows change of focus → accommodation

38
Q

Where are located the photoreceptors

A

In the retina and this is where light-sensitive neurons transduce light into neural signals

39
Q

Where are the photoreceptors the most compacted and where there is the highest visual acuity in the retina

A

In the fovea

40
Q

What are the hypotheses explaining why photoreceptors are at the back

A
  • protective reason

- filtration of light

41
Q

What component of the retina is for night vision

A

Rods

42
Q

What component of the retina is for day light vision

A

Cones

43
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of rods (type of wavelength, type of vision, level of resolution, amount, movement or static features?)

A
  1. sensitive to all wavelength
  2. for black and white vision
  3. low resolution
  4. around 100 million in the periphery
  5. motion
44
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of cones (type of wavelength, type of vision, amount, level of preciseness)

A
  1. sensitive to blue/red/green wavelength
  2. colour vision
  3. around 5 million cones in the CENTER of the fovea
  4. details!
45
Q

What are the 3 types of cones and their roles

A

◊ S-cones : short-wave length cones → blue
◊ M-cones : medium-wave length cones → yellow & greens
◊ L-cones: long-wave length → red

46
Q

What defines a bipolar cell

A

intermediate cells that determine the information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

47
Q

What are the 2 types of bipolar cells

A

Diffuse bipolar cells ➯ M-cell

Midget bipolar cells ➯ P-cell

48
Q

Where are located diffuse bipolar cell (M-cell) compared to midget bipolar cells (P-cell)

A

M-cell are in the periphery

P-cell are found in the fovea

49
Q

To how many rods do diffuse bipolar cells respond to and what is the consequence

A

It responds to ~ 50 rods and this leads to increase the sensitivity and reduce acuity,

*so 1 diffuse bipolar for ~50 rods

50
Q

What is the ratio of midget bipolar cell compared to cone and how does the input is transduced

A
  • 1 midget bipolar for 1 cone

Receive input from a single cone and pass on the info to a single ganglion

51
Q

When firing rate at maximum, where does the light hit the retina and what is the function of that difference in firing rate

A

In the Center!

It allows perceiving the edges of object for instance.

52
Q

P-cells (aka midget bipolar cells) form pairs of colours!

What are those pairs and how is called that theory?

A

§ Red-green
§ Blue-yellow
§ Black-white
➯ Opponent process theory

53
Q

What is the Trichromatic Theory

A

Colour vision according to the comparison of the activation of the three different cones

54
Q

What are the steps of the visual pathway

A
  1. Info from OPTIC NERVE travel to the optic chasm (CROSS OVER)
  2. Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus
  3. Visual cortex/striate cortex / V1
55
Q

What is the difference between simple cells and complex cells

A

simple cells fire greatly when line are VERTICAL and small firing for HORIZONTAL lines

Whereas, complex cells fire when lines are in MOTION

56
Q

Describe the “What” stream

A
  • Ventral stream ➯ temporal lobe

- Object recognition

57
Q

Describe the “Where” stream

A
  • Dorsal ➯ parietal lobe

- Location of objects in space

Intro to Psych (8 decks)

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