Memory

Question 1

What are the characteristics of the Modal Model of memory (6) (A-R-R-D-I-S)

Answer 1

It is a system of different modules that describe how memory is formed in the brain and that actively changes according to

• attention
• rehearsal
• recall
• decay
• interference
• serial exhaustive search

Question 2

What forms the 3 mains modules of the Modal Model

Answer 2

1. Sensory Register
2. Short-Term memory
3. Long-term memory

Question 3

What stimulates long-term memory

Answer 3

Recall and rehearsal

Question 4

Who is the point of origin of modern memory research

Answer 4

Patient HM, Henry Molaison

Question 5

Patient HM was affected by what condition and how was it treated

Answer 5

Severe epilepsy treated by bilateral hippocampectomy

Question 6

What did the bilateral hippocampectomy lead to

Answer 6

anterograde amnesia for episodic memory, however semantic memory and procedural memory ( memory for motor sequence) were unaffected

*so can’t form new memories

Question 7

What is impaired for HM

Answer 7

• Episodic memory
• recognition memory for recent object/places
• explicit memory tasks

Question 8

What are the 2 bug types of memory

Answer 8

1. declarative memory

2. nondeclarative memory

Question 9

How is declarative memory separated and which structure is triggered

declaratve memory = explicit memory

Answer 9

episodic memory and semantic memory

➯ hippocampus-medial temporal lobe

Question 10

What are the subcategories of non-declarative memory (PP-C-N)
non-declarative = implicit memory

Answer 10

• procedural memory
• priming
• classical conditioning
• non-associative learning

Question 11

What are the different ways to define memory

Answer 11

• memory is an experience, a quale

- memory is about the formation of connection between neurons (chronic pain would be a form of memory)

Question 12

According to which dogma does memory are labile after acquisition, consolidated memories are stable and persist long-term. Also that consolidation is a transcient, unidirectional process and that disrupting consolidation will impaire memory formation

Answer 12

Consolidation “dogma”

Question 13

What describes the synaptic consolidation hypothesis

Answer 13

learning leads to changes in the connections between neurons and for long-term memory, synaptic modification stabilize

Question 14

What is particular for systems consolidation

Answer 14

expression of memories will involve the hippocampus less and less, but more and more frontal areas

Question 15

What has the strongest effect on memory according to experiement

Answer 15

active recall after the consolidation period!

Question 16

What is the consequence of Long-term Potentiation

Answer 16

An increase size of the spines and neurotransmitter sensitivity

Question 17

Who said “Neurons that fire together, wire together” and is representative of what principle

Answer 17

Hebb → Hebbian Learning

Principle of associative learning

Question 18

What happens to the hippocampus during consolidation

Answer 18

it is where the consolidation is completed, memory representation in the hippocampus now

Question 19

What is the most recent system of consolidation

Answer 19

multiple-trace model

Question 20

What is Bartlett’s perception of memory

Answer 20

It is not tabla-rasa, it is determined by schemata which is the conception that we are influenced by reactions and experiences which occurred some time in the past

There is a way that knowledge is organized and it is according to schemata

Question 21

What are examples of distortions caused by schemata and explain each element?

Answer 21

• Omission
  forgetting of unfamiliar material
• Rationalization
  attempts to increase coherence, also by considering present knowledge about the subject matter
  *logical coherence
• Transformation
  attempts to change the unfamiliar → familiar
  *replacing by what we actually know/used to

Question 22

How to describe semantic event memory

Answer 22

the memory of meaning, understanding, general knowledge about the world, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences.

knowledge about what we already know

Question 23

What is the main element of Frame Theory and what is a “frame”

Answer 23

New situation are interpreted about existing “frames” (frameworks) that will be adapted to the new situation

A frame, in this case, would be a data-structure for representing a stereotyped situation and attached to those frames are specific information

*script knowledge!

Question 24

What is the definition of “script” and what do they drive

Answer 24

a memory structure for encoding general knowledge of a certain situation-action routine

They drive

• memory for what happened
• what we will remember
• expectation & categories

*influence how we see the world

Question 25

True or false,
post-event memory modification is influenced by script
And what experiment demonstrates that tendency 🚗

Answer 25

True, and it is the Loftus & Palmer, 1974 experiment where a speed estimate was done according to different words to describe the script

Question 26

What is the effect of anisomycin on memory

Answer 26

causes amnesia for what was learned just previously by inhibiting protein synthesis

So, interrupts synaptic consolidation processes

Question 27

What is the most recent reconsolidation hypothesis?

Answer 27

Inactive memory → REACTIVATION → Active memory → reconsolidation → active memory

Question 28

How do prediction error and propranolol is used in therapy

Answer 28

Negative Prediction Error, where the patient expects a shock, but get NO shock leads to memory reconsolidation of the fear. Thus, fear is reduced

Question 29

How long those short-term memory last if there is no rehearsal

Answer 29

18 seconds

Question 30

Why are the main hypothesis about why we forget

Answer 30

1. Erase / storage failure
   consolidation impairment
2. Retrieval failure
   memory exists but cannot be expressed
3. Memory disruption
   memory is smeared or broken up

Question 31

Forgetting could reflect effect of what 2 phenomenon in memory disruption

Answer 31

1. interference

2. decay

Question 32

What do Thorndike’s Law of sisuse states

Answer 32

States that “if you don’t use it, you loose it”, so if the connection of a memory is not made over a certain period, the connection’s strength decreases

Question 33

How does memory is formed at the synaptic level

Answer 33

By changing the structure of synapses

Question 34

How is erasing memory explained at the synaptic level

Answer 34

By the organized removal of added connectors (AMPAR) from synapses

Question 35

What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference

Answer 35

Retroactive interference is about not being able to recall old memories due to the interference of new memories

Whereas

Proactive interference is about not being able to recall new memories due to the strong interference of old memories

Question 36

What theorie underlines the concepts of availability and accessibility

Answer 36

Forgetting as a RETRIEVAL ERROR where there is no loss of content, but we rather fail to retrieve what is stored.

So the information is available but no longer accessible

Question 37

True or false, the environment plays a role in memory 🤿

Answer 37

Yes! Greater memory of a serie world when recalled in the same environment of learning

Question 38

How to explain Encoding-Specificity Principle and give an example

Answer 38

Concept that emphasis of the similarity of context to stimulates the recall performance.

For instance, it is important to study in the same environment as the place where the evaluation of the information learned will be done

Question 39

How to explain Transfer-Appropriate Processing and give an example

Answer 39

Concept that state that recall performance depends on the overlapping of the processes used to remember new information

Example; if a concept is learned through the association with the rhyme, then there will be a greater chances of recall if asked in a rhyming frame

*processes and recall processes should use the same cognitive processes