Memory Flashcards
What are the characteristics of the Modal Model of memory (6) (A-R-R-D-I-S)
It is a system of different modules that describe how memory is formed in the brain and that actively changes according to
- attention
- rehearsal
- recall
- decay
- interference
- serial exhaustive search
What forms the 3 mains modules of the Modal Model
- Sensory Register
- Short-Term memory
- Long-term memory
What stimulates long-term memory
Recall and rehearsal
Who is the point of origin of modern memory research
Patient HM, Henry Molaison
Patient HM was affected by what condition and how was it treated
Severe epilepsy treated by bilateral hippocampectomy
What did the bilateral hippocampectomy lead to
anterograde amnesia for episodic memory, however semantic memory and procedural memory ( memory for motor sequence) were unaffected
*so can’t form new memories
What is impaired for HM
- Episodic memory
- recognition memory for recent object/places
- explicit memory tasks
What are the 2 bug types of memory
- declarative memory
2. nondeclarative memory
How is declarative memory separated and which structure is triggered
declaratve memory = explicit memory
episodic memory and semantic memory
➯ hippocampus-medial temporal lobe
What are the subcategories of non-declarative memory (PP-C-N)
non-declarative = implicit memory
- procedural memory
- priming
- classical conditioning
- non-associative learning
What are the different ways to define memory
- memory is an experience, a quale
- memory is about the formation of connection between neurons (chronic pain would be a form of memory)
According to which dogma does memory are labile after acquisition, consolidated memories are stable and persist long-term. Also that consolidation is a transcient, unidirectional process and that disrupting consolidation will impaire memory formation
Consolidation “dogma”
What describes the synaptic consolidation hypothesis
learning leads to changes in the connections between neurons and for long-term memory, synaptic modification stabilize
What is particular for systems consolidation
expression of memories will involve the hippocampus less and less, but more and more frontal areas
What has the strongest effect on memory according to experiement
active recall after the consolidation period!
What is the consequence of Long-term Potentiation
An increase size of the spines and neurotransmitter sensitivity
Who said “Neurons that fire together, wire together” and is representative of what principle
Hebb → Hebbian Learning
Principle of associative learning
What happens to the hippocampus during consolidation
it is where the consolidation is completed, memory representation in the hippocampus now
What is the most recent system of consolidation
multiple-trace model
What is Bartlett’s perception of memory
It is not tabla-rasa, it is determined by schemata which is the conception that we are influenced by reactions and experiences which occurred some time in the past
There is a way that knowledge is organized and it is according to schemata
What are examples of distortions caused by schemata and explain each element?
- Omission
forgetting of unfamiliar material - Rationalization
attempts to increase coherence, also by considering present knowledge about the subject matter
*logical coherence - Transformation
attempts to change the unfamiliar → familiar
*replacing by what we actually know/used to
How to describe semantic event memory
the memory of meaning, understanding, general knowledge about the world, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences.
knowledge about what we already know
What is the main element of Frame Theory and what is a “frame”
New situation are interpreted about existing “frames” (frameworks) that will be adapted to the new situation
A frame, in this case, would be a data-structure for representing a stereotyped situation and attached to those frames are specific information
*script knowledge!
What is the definition of “script” and what do they drive
a memory structure for encoding general knowledge of a certain situation-action routine
They drive
- memory for what happened
- what we will remember
- expectation & categories
*influence how we see the world
