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Intro to Psych > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Ion channels are dependent of what exactly and are made of what structure

A

They are voltage dependent and they are proteins

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2
Q

During action potential, is there polarization or depolarization of the neuron

A

depolarization

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3
Q

True or false, the action potential occurs after the threshold of exciation

A

True

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4
Q

After the threshold of excitation, does Na+ enters or leave the cell

A

Na+ enters the cell

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5
Q

Along the depolarization, how does K+ channels react

A

K+ channels open and make K+ leave the cell, so K+ โ†’ outside neuron

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6
Q

At the peak of the depolarization, what happens to Na+ channels
How do we call that stage

A

Na+ channels become refractory for more Na+ to enter the cell.
This stage is called the refractory state

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7
Q

During the polarization of the cell, what happens to K+ channels

A

They remain open for K+ to LEAVE the cell

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8
Q

At what stage does the K+ channels closes

A

At the end of the repolarization when the voltage reached back the threshold of excitation

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9
Q

What prevents the travel of action potential in both ways

A

Only travels down the axons due to the Na+ channels that just opened shift to the refractory stage and can no longer open. So the the Na+ channels are numb to the accumulation of charges

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10
Q

What do myelinated axons allow

A

Saltatory signal propagation

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11
Q

What is the difference between myelinated axons and non-myelinated axons

A

Non-myelinated axons are much slower as every channel must open, whereas for myelinated axons only the channels between the node of Ranvier are active. Thus, the signal travels faster in myelinated axons

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12
Q

Nodes of Ranvier allow what kind of electric propagation

A

Saltatory signal propagation

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13
Q

What is the difference of electric propagation between myelinated and non-myelinated axons

A

Non-myelinated axons : 1 m/s

Myelinated axons : 100 m/s

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14
Q

How does the diameter of axon influences velocity of action potential

A

The greater the diameter, the fastest is the electric propagation and the higher is the sensitivity

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15
Q

What causes vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane

A

Influx of Ca 2+ through channels on the pre-synaptic membrane

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16
Q

Where do transmitter bind when released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis

A

they bind to receptor molecules in the in postsynaptic membrane

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17
Q

What are the two effect neurotransmitter can have

A

An excitatory and inhibitory effect

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18
Q

What is the effect of an agonist drug

A

Agonist increase the amount of neurotransmitter in each vesicule & inhibit the reuptake of neurotransmitter

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19
Q

What kind of drug increases the amount of neurotransmitter in each vesicule & inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitter

A

Agonist

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20
Q

What is the consequence when an agonist mimic a particular neurotransmitter

A

It can activate or increase the neurotransmitterโ€™s effect

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21
Q

What is the effect of an antagonist drug

A

Antagonist drug decrease the release of neurotransmitter, so there is fewer in each vesicles & destroy neurotransmitters in the synapse

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22
Q

What kind of drug decreases the release of neurotransmitter, so there is fewer in each vesicles & destroys neurotransmitters in the synapse

A

Antagonist drug

23
Q

What happens when an antogonist drug mimic a particular neurotransmitter

A

it blocks neurotransmitter binding

24
Q

The hippocampus is considered as

A

the core complex network for central memory

25
Q

How to we call the interior of the folded brain tissue, the top-one

A

Gyrus

26
Q

How to we call the space created by the brain folds

A

Sulcus

27
Q

What separate the temparol lobe to the frontal lobe

A

Sylvian fissures

28
Q

What separates the frontal lobe to the parietal lobe

A

Rolandic fissures

29
Q

What separates the two lobe

A

inter-hemispheric fissure and the corpus callosum

30
Q

What composes the corpus callosum and what is its purpose

A

It is made of myelinated axons that connects the two hemispheres

31
Q

What are the 4 primary cortex

A
  1. primary motor cortex
  2. primary somasensory cortex
  3. primary auditory cortex
  4. primary visual cortex
32
Q

What divides the primary motor cortex and the primary somasensory cortex

A

Central sulcus

33
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe (CCC-M-J-PPP)

A
  • cognition
  • concentration
  • consequence analysis
  • memory
  • judgment
  • problem solving
  • planning
  • personality
34
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe (P-I-S-S-T-v)

A
  • pain
  • spatial orientation
  • speech
  • integration of information from senses
  • touch sensation
  • visual perception
35
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe ๐Ÿ’ค ๐Ÿ‘€

A
  • visual processing

- where dream come from !

36
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe (A-h-L-V)

A
  • auditory receptive area
  • contain Hippocampus
  • formation of long-term memory
  • high-level of visual processing
37
Q

How is the brain organized and what are the specificated roles of the left and right hemisphere

A

in a contralateral hemispheric organization where the LEFT hemisphere is better at language and the RIGHT hemisphere is better at special relationships

38
Q

Explain how a split-brain patient behaves when their vision is assigned a hemisphere (think about the experiment with ๐Ÿด and ๐Ÿฅ„)

A
  1. Their LEFT hemisphere (responsible for language) sees a fork ๐Ÿด
  2. Their RIGHT hemisphere (responsible for spatial relationships) processes the image of a spoon ๐Ÿฅ„
  3. Asked to take the fork with LEFT hand controlled by the RIGHT hemisphere (spatial control)
  4. Can name the fork, but takes the spoon!

Verbalize fork and spacially processes the spoon

39
Q

What is motor Homonculus

A

It is the cortical representation of touch in the brain, a โ€œmapโ€ of sensitivity of touch

40
Q

What are the 5 parts of the brain stem and what are their order from top to bottom

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
  4. reticular formation
41
Q

What are the roles of the brain stem (7-automatic behaviour) ๊Œ›, ๐Ÿ’ค, ๐Ÿ’›, ๐Ÿซ€, ๐Ÿซ, ๐Ÿคข

A
  1. breathing
  2. Heartbeats
  3. swallow
  4. vomit
  5. urination
  6. orgasm ๊Œ›
  7. sleep regulation
42
Q

What does cerebellum means in latin

A

little brain :))

43
Q

Cerebullum is critical for proper _____ ______(1), for example _______ โš–๏ธ (2)

A

1) motor function

2) balance

44
Q

Cerebullum is also essential for motor __________(1) ๐Ÿ“š, motor ________๐Ÿค–(2), _______ (3) ๐Ÿ—“, _______(4) ๐Ÿ—ฃ and _________(5) โค๏ธโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ

A

1) learning
2) memory
3) planning
4) language
5) emotions

45
Q

What is the gateway to the cortex

A

the thalamus

46
Q

What happens to the thalamus during sleep

A

thalamus partially shut

47
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate (๐ŸŒก, ๐Ÿฉธ, ๐Ÿญ)

A
  1. temperature,
  2. blood pressure,
  3. blood glucose level
48
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia ๐Ÿ•บ, ๐ŸŽ

A

movement & reward

49
Q

What is the role of the thalamus

A

sensory gateway

50
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus

A

memory

episodic and spacial memories

51
Q

What is the role of the amygdala

A

EMOTIONS

52
Q

what structure modulates processes in the hippocampus

A

amygdala

53
Q

What forms the limbic system (7)

A
  • amygdala
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • *corpus callosum
  • hippocampus
  • hypothalamic nuclei
  • cingulate gyrus
54
Q

Describe the life of Clive Wearing

A

He lives a life without memory of new events. His life is a succession of blink moments, where it is a moment-to-moment memory. He thinks he is constantly awaking. Ever repeating moment of awakening. He doesnโ€™t recall being conscious before. Robbed by the knowledge of his own life of constant awakening.

Intro to Psych (8 decks)

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