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Intro to Psych > 1. History of Ideas > Flashcards

1. History of Ideas Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness is formed by what according to Wilhelm Wundt

A

Combination of sensations

structuralism

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2
Q

What school of thought demonstrates a motivation to understand the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure.

A

Functionalism with William James

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3
Q

Which founding parent in North America shifted the focus of psychology away from philosophy and towards biology?

A

John B Watson

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4
Q

To understand why humans act aggressively a scientist decides to observe which areas of a subject’s brain are the most active as they engage in aggressive behaviour. Which model of the mind is this scientist using to understand aggression?

A

Psychophysiological Model

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5
Q

What is a psychophysiological model

A

This model puts an emphasis on describing the brains biological network and signalling pathways.

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6
Q

Who uses the method of introspection and systematic self-observation to analyze conscious mental states (which school of thoughts)

A

Wundt with structuralism

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7
Q

Who stated the psychology is “ the science of mental life “ and also as “the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life”

A

William James

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8
Q

What are the problems of introspection (3)

A
  • there is no objectivity
  • it’s an independent evaluation
  • reproductibility is low
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9
Q

Which school of thought introduced studies in mental testing, developmental patterns in children, education, behavioural differencess between the sexes

A

Functionalism

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10
Q

Who wrote the “Behaviourist manifesto”

A

John B Watson

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11
Q

Who sees psychology as a purely objective science and its theoritcal goal is the prediction and control of behaviour

A

Behaviourist such as John B Watson

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12
Q

The ______ recognises no dividing line between man and brute (strongly inspired by Darwin)

A

Behaviourist (John B Watson)

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13
Q

What does Gestalt mean in german

A

Form

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14
Q

What is the central dogma of Gestaltpsychology

A

The whole is more than the sum of its parts

- perception of the whole, not the parts

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15
Q

True or false, Gestaltpsychology is opposed to the atomistic view of structuralism

A

True

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16
Q

What study is considered the beginning of Gestaltpsychology

A

Wertheimer’s studies on the phi effect

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17
Q

What is the phi phenomenon

A

It is the optical illusion of movement

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18
Q

Thw phi phenomenon is due to what exactly

A

Due to the decay rates of visual perceptions : visual perceptions decay slower than the actual stimulus that gave rise to them

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19
Q

According to the phi phenomenon, instead of two different and separate stimuli, we mistakenly perceive ______ of the same stimulus

A

movement

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20
Q

What are the 4 Gestalt principles

A
  1. Emergence
  2. Multistability
  3. Reification
  4. Invariance
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21
Q

What are the 4 figure-ground laws

A
  1. Law of closure
  2. Law of similarity
  3. Law of proximity
  4. Law of continuity
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22
Q

What charactarizes the multistability of Gestalt

A

When there is 2 images in 1, we only perceive one at a time

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23
Q

What is Reification

A

Perception of forms without contours

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24
Q

What is the principal of Closure

A

Perception that contour are closed

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25
Q

What is the principle of emergence

A

Spontaneous organization give rise to image

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26
Q

What do the psychophysiological model explores

A

the relationship between behaviour, processes and structures of the central nervous system

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27
Q

The psychophysiologiacal model is form of ________

A

Reductionism

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28
Q

What is the famous research that provides an excellent example of how reductionist method advance through levels of analysis

A

Sea slug Aplysia as a model organism to explain the neurobiology of memory

29
Q

During the Sea slug Aplysia experiement what did Eric Kandel studied

A

The Gill Withdrawal Reflex

30
Q

Describe the method of understanding of the The Gill Withdrawal Reflex research

A 
Behaviour
↓
Biology
(which neurons)
↓
Microbiology
(inside neurons, neurotransmitters)
↓
Chemically
(Proteins and ions)
↓
DNA level
31
Q

Which model supports that all behaviour can be explained in terms of drives or other intra-psychological forces

A

psychodynamic model

32
Q

According to the psychodynamic model, behaviour results from ____ and _____

A

tension and conflict

33
Q

what is the key concept in the psychodynamic approach

A

MOTIVATION

34
Q

Sigmund Freud followed which model

A

the psychodynamic model

35
Q

Freud work focuses on what exactly

A

On the unconscious, as the main motor of behavior

36
Q

What branch of clinical psychology did Freud develop

A

psychoanalysis

37
Q

According to Freud, our psychee is made of what

A

The interation of the

  • ID
  • Ego
  • Superego
38
Q

What is the ID (3 elements)

A
  • want avoid PAIN and increase pleasure
  • wild animal within
  • cares about its pleasure however its form
39
Q

What does the ID folloes

A

the Pleasure Principle

40
Q

Where is the ID situated

A

in the unconscious, hidden part of iceberg

41
Q

What does the Superego follows (4)

A
  1. morality
  2. consicence
  3. ideals
  4. aspiration (how the perfect human should behave
42
Q

What does the Ego follows (1) and what does it represent in behaviour

A
  1. Reason!
    and represents
    self-control
43
Q

What does the Ego mediate

A

the Superego and the ID

44
Q

Where is situated the Superego

A

it is part of the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious
*half of the iceberg

45
Q

Where is the Ego

A

it is part of the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious
*quarter of the upper iceberg

46
Q

Most of our psychee is ________ according to Freud

A

unconsicous

47
Q

What does psychoanalysis aims to do

A

make the uncousncious conscious, so that its influence on behaviour can be controlled

48
Q

What does Freud theory assumes about human nature

A

Human are by nature aggressibe and evil and driven by sexual impulses

49
Q

According to the behaviourist model, the overt and ______ _______ is the proper level of analysis

A

observable behaviour is the proper level of analysis

50
Q

What is the ABC of behaviourist model

A

Antecident conditions that precede behaviour

Behavioural response

Consequences that follow

51
Q

What is the S-R model in the behaviourist model

A

It represents the relation between stimulus and response

52
Q

According to the behaviourist model, Humans are neither ____ nor ____, they just ____ to these conditions

A

good nor evil, they just react

53
Q

What are the two famous experiment of the behaviourist model

A

Pavlov’s experiment & little albert

54
Q

Who said “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select–doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

A

John B Watson, Behaviourist

55
Q

Who replaced behaviorism as the most influential model

A

the Cognitive model

56
Q

What is cognition

A

Cognition are all processes that used to be labelled “mental”, such as perception, thinking, decision making, memory, problem solving, etc

57
Q

Experimental studies use behavioural reactions to deduce underpinning _______ _______

A

cognitive processes

58
Q

What is the McGurk Effect

A

the Ba and Pa illusion that still works even if we realise it

59
Q

What do the Information-processing perspective implies in cognition

A

that the brain is like a digital computer, it processes, encodes, stores, retrieves and recall

60
Q

What does the representation implies in cognition

A

What is stored, retrieved and recalled

61
Q

What does the structures in cognition represents

A

Where are memories stored, retrieved from/to, recall from/to

62
Q

What model assumes that humans are active beings, naturallyy good and equipped with free will

A

The Humanistic model

63
Q

How to humanistic psychology tries to understand human behaviour

A

By detecting patterns in life histories

64
Q

Humanistic psychology concentrates on the _______ world, not the objective world of the external observer

A

phenomenological world

65
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs represents which model

A

the humanistic model

66
Q

What would be the psychodynamic model answer to the question “Why do humans act aggressively”

A

aggressive actions are the results of frustration. A situation or exterior factor block access to means to satisfy ID desires, this resulting in aggression

67
Q

What would be the cognitve model answer to “Why do humans act aggressively”

A

analyse what information processing leads to aggressive behaviour

68
Q

What would be the humanistic model answer to “why humans act aggressively”

A

analyze what personal values and social conditions led the individual to engage aggressive behaviour, and not to engage in activities that would engage persona growth

69
Q

What would be the behaviourism to “why human act aggressively”

A

determine the causes of aggressive behaviours, one needs to identify reinforcers and antecedent conditions

Intro to Psych (8 decks)

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