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Intro to Psych > Consciousness > Flashcards

Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Cartesian Dualism

A

Mind is non-physical, non-extended (takes no physical space)

Body is physical and extented

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2
Q

What question arises from dualism

A

If the mind is not matter, how can it lead the body?

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3
Q

What are the 3 theories that describe the mind body problem

A
  • Idealist
  • Neutral monists
  • Materialists
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4
Q

Who considers that the mind is fundamental

A

Idealists

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5
Q

Who believes mental and physical are two different ways to represent the same reality, which is neutral (neither physical nor mental)

A

Neutral monists

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6
Q

Who supports that matter is fundamental (most popular among scientists)

A

Materialists

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7
Q

In which school of thought did the Hard problem and the easy problem emerged

A

Materislistic

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8
Q

According to Massimo Pigliucci, the Hard Problem is an ______

A

Illusion

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9
Q

What question describes the Hard Problem

A

How can matter give rise to mind?

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10
Q

What describes the easy problem

A

Perception, learning, memory, attention, etc

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11
Q 
Which position (school of thought) belives :
Body ➯ mind ➯ body
A

Interactionist Dualism

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12
Q

What are example (2) that supports the interactionist dualism position

A

Placebo effect & optical illusion

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13
Q

Which position believes that :
mind 1 ← body 1 → body 2 → mind 2

hint : compared mental events to a steam whistle that contributes nothing to the work of a locomotive

A

Epiphenomenalism : view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain

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14
Q

Which position supports that the mind is in the body

A

Monism & Materialism

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15
Q

Who believes in the implication of a divine intervertion between the mind and the body

A

Psychophysical parallelism

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16
Q

The question “What is like to be X, then X is conscious” is part of the hard or easy problem?

A

the Hard Problem

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17
Q

Nagel responds what to the question “What is like to be X, then X is conscious”

A

It is impossible to answer it because counsciousness is subjective and a private experience

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18
Q

What does Tracy experiences that explains the Hard Problem

A

Tracy is able to distinguish Red1 from Red2 and it is impossible for us to understand her experience when she’s the two reds

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19
Q

The Hard problem is to explain how _______ processes in the brain give rise to ______ experience

A

PHYSICAL processes in the brain give rise to SUBJECTIVE experience

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20
Q

In the Hard Problem, where does the explanotory gap is ?

A

between the material brain and the subjective world experience

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21
Q

How are called the introspectively accessible, phenomenal, private aspects of our mental lives

A

Qualia

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22
Q

What are qualia

A

Individual instances of subjectives, conscious experience

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23
Q

Qualia are at the heart of the _________ ________

A

mind-body problem

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24
Q

What is the ultimate form of understanding

A

by imitation

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25
Q

Facial mimicry activates what exactly in the brain

A

It partially activates the emotion system

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26
Q

The visual perception of emotion activates what

A

It partially activates the emotional system

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27
Q

What happens when person wear gel facemask when matching new facial expression with old facial expression

A

The gel facemask that inhibe facial mimicry REDUCED acuracy across face stimuli

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28
Q

Which view supports that all particles in the universe have some form of experience, that wherever there is life, there is consciousness

A

Panpsychism

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29
Q

What is the integrated information theory

A

all systems that integrate information have some level of consciousness

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30
Q

What describes quantitavely the level of integration of information

A

With the Phi score (the higher the score the higher the system’s level of consciousness

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31
Q

True or False ? According to the integrated information theory, AI systems, DNA and the universe itself have a form of consciousness

A

True

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32
Q

What are one of the 3 definitions of consciousness

A
  • state or faculty, or a particular state, of being aware of one’s thought, feelings, actions, etc
  • the totality of the thoughts, feelings, impressions, etc of a person
  • the state of having the mental faculties awake and active

so

  1. being aware
  2. totality, so the sum of…
  3. having mental faculties
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33
Q

Who was the first one to describe consciousness as a flow

A

William James, functionalist

34
Q

What describes according to Freud example of our unconscious processes (3)

A
  • Slips of the tongue
  • dreams
  • Rohrschach inkblot test
35
Q

How can we qualify the self-awareness

A

Self-awareness refers to the capacity to become the object of one’s own attention

36
Q

What do we become when we focus on the internal experience

A

We become

  • the reflective observer
  • aware of being awake
  • processing self-information
37
Q

We become aware of what when we focus on the internal experience

A

Aware of

  • experiencing specific mental events
  • emitting behaviours
  • possessing unique characteristics
38
Q

What is the self

A

a concept, only an abstraction, no place in the brain

39
Q

True or false, the self is stable, but not constructed

A

False, the self is not stable, but contructed, generated and dynamic

40
Q

Where do some scientist argue that the self is experienced in the brain

A

Activity in the “Default mode network” which is composed of the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, inferior and temporal regions

41
Q

Of what do the Default mode network is composed (the self)

A 
in the medial prefrontal cortex
\+
posterior cingulate cortex
\+
inferior and temporal regions
42
Q

What do the mark test proves for a baby or an animal

A

the sense of self that is part of consciousness
+
ego representation

43
Q

According to Ramachandran, what is the self

A

it is about being aware of subjectibe experience

44
Q

What is qualia according to Ramachandran

A

Sensation you are conscious of

45
Q

True or false, sleep is a state of consciousness

A

true

46
Q

How do we differenciate level of consciousness

A

Patterns of electrical activity that correlates to the level of alertness or responsiveness

47
Q

Describe the wide-awake consciousness

A
  • rapid irregular waves
  • low amplitude voltage
  • alpha and beta waves
48
Q

Describe sleep consciousness

A
  • waves are slower
  • greater amplitude
  • periodic burst of slow waxing
  • awning amplitude
49
Q

Is this sleep consciousness or wide-awake consciousness:

  • waves are slower
  • greater amplitude
  • periodic burst of slow waxing
  • awning amplitude
A

Sleep consciousness

50
Q

Is this sleep consciousness or wide-awake :

  • rapid irregular waves
  • low amplitude voltage
  • alpha and beta waves
A

wide-awake consciousness

51
Q

What do Gamma waves describe and what is an example of that state

A

high alertness

ex: being afraid

52
Q

What kind of wave occurs during deep sleep and their is a loss of bodily awareness

A

Delta waves

53
Q

Which wave describes deep meditation, dreams, light sleep and REM sleep

A

Theta waves

54
Q

What wave describe the awake and conscious level

A

Beta waves

55
Q

True or false, Alpha waves describe mentally relaxed, but awake state and aslo about to fall asleep state

A

True

56
Q

What describes the stage 1 of sleep (3 element)

A
  • Alpha waves → theta waves
  • lucid dreams
  • muscle spasms
57
Q

What is characteristic to the stage 2 of sleep

A
  • sleep spindle (bursts of neural oscillatory activity)
  • k-complex (high wavelenght)
  • 65% of total sleep
58
Q

Which stage of sleep represents 65% of total sleep

A

stage 2

59
Q

What stage of sleep best fits the description:

  • Delta waves : slow wave sleep (SWS)
  • Crucial to feel rested (suppressed by alcohol
  • 40% of children sleep
  • 25% of adult sleep
A

Stage 3-4

60
Q

In which stage REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs, vivid dreams happen and where the brain activity is similar to wakefulness

A

Stage 5

61
Q

Why do we actually sleep

A

Restoration function and maintain cognitve abilities

62
Q

What are the presumable function of REM sleep

A
  • memory consolidation
  • forgetting
  • insight
63
Q

Can animal fully sleep and how?

A

No they can’t, sleep only with one hemisphere at a time to prevent danger

64
Q

What are the implication of the circadian rythm

A
  • hormone release
  • body temperature
  • brain wave activity
  • hypothalamus → melatonin → trigger sense of fatigue
65
Q

What regulates

  • hormone release
  • body temperature
  • brain wave activity
  • hypothalamus → melatonin → trigger sense of fatigue
A

the circadian waves

66
Q

What is the function of the retina in the circadian rythm

A

it is sensitive to blue light!

67
Q

what does pRGCs stands for (think about retina)

A

photoceptive ganglion cells

68
Q

What is the consequence of reception of blue light by the pRGCs

A
  1. change in behaviour
  2. pupils constriction to regulate the amount of light in pupil
  3. influence of gene expression!
69
Q

How does blue light influence gene expression

A 
1. Central circadian oscillators,  peripheral oscillators TRIGGERED
				↓
		      fires pRGCs 
				↓ 				
                      hypothalamus 
				↓
Central circadian oscillators peripheral oscillators
				↓
Influence gene expression
70
Q

Where do the regulation of melatonin occurs

A

Pineal gland

71
Q

Why do brain activity changes during the day

A

for optimal function accorging to the level of blue light and to adapt to day-activity and the different level of alertness

72
Q

Who is one of the supporter of synthetic psychology

A

Valentino Braitenberg

73
Q

What do Braitenberg vehicules imply

A

Those very simple internal structure machine are looked at in a very natural environment that uses psychological language to describe behavior

74
Q

What do observer from Braitenberg’s simple vehicules

A

the behavioural description without any explanation

75
Q

Why do we look at Braitenberg’s simple vehicules

A

To understand motivation, environmental and evolutionary explanation of a behaviour

76
Q

How do we observe Braitenberg’s simple vehicules

A

mechanistic explanation

77
Q

What is the main limit of reductionism

A

Very complex behaviour can arise from a small set of simple principles

78
Q

True or false, William of Ockham believes that is the most simple explanation for a phenomenon that should be accepted and why

A

True, because easier to falsigy and to test

79
Q

What are the consequences of inhibitory connections
(true LOVE vs one-night stands comparaison)

Explain difference between vehicule A and B

A

the stronger the sensor is stimulated, the slower the engine will run

Vehicle A : slowly towards light
Vehicle B : faster towards light and then walks away

80
Q

What is the implication of reductionist psychology

A

Culture → mind → life → matter → anti-matter

81
Q

Formulate one critic of the reductionist psychology

A

Emergent behaviour may be unpredictable and might miss something.

Also, it cannot add what cannot be described

+

complete reduction is very rare

Intro to Psych (8 decks)

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