Consciousness

Question 1

What is Cartesian Dualism

Answer 1

Mind is non-physical, non-extended (takes no physical space)

Body is physical and extented

Question 2

What question arises from dualism

Answer 2

If the mind is not matter, how can it lead the body?

Question 3

What are the 3 theories that describe the mind body problem

Answer 3

• Idealist
• Neutral monists
• Materialists

Question 4

Who considers that the mind is fundamental

Answer 4

Idealists

Question 5

Who believes mental and physical are two different ways to represent the same reality, which is neutral (neither physical nor mental)

Answer 5

Neutral monists

Question 6

Who supports that matter is fundamental (most popular among scientists)

Answer 6

Materialists

Question 7

In which school of thought did the Hard problem and the easy problem emerged

Answer 7

Materislistic

Question 8

According to Massimo Pigliucci, the Hard Problem is an ______

Answer 8

Illusion

Question 9

What question describes the Hard Problem

Answer 9

How can matter give rise to mind?

Question 10

What describes the easy problem

Answer 10

Perception, learning, memory, attention, etc

Question 11

Which position (school of thought) belives :
Body ➯ mind ➯ body

Answer 11

Interactionist Dualism

Question 12

What are example (2) that supports the interactionist dualism position

Answer 12

Placebo effect & optical illusion

Question 13

Which position believes that :
mind 1 ← body 1 → body 2 → mind 2

hint : compared mental events to a steam whistle that contributes nothing to the work of a locomotive

Answer 13

Epiphenomenalism : view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain

Question 14

Which position supports that the mind is in the body

Answer 14

Monism & Materialism

Question 15

Who believes in the implication of a divine intervertion between the mind and the body

Answer 15

Psychophysical parallelism

Question 16

The question “What is like to be X, then X is conscious” is part of the hard or easy problem?

Answer 16

the Hard Problem

Question 17

Nagel responds what to the question “What is like to be X, then X is conscious”

Answer 17

It is impossible to answer it because counsciousness is subjective and a private experience

Question 18

What does Tracy experiences that explains the Hard Problem

Answer 18

Tracy is able to distinguish Red1 from Red2 and it is impossible for us to understand her experience when she’s the two reds

Question 19

The Hard problem is to explain how _______ processes in the brain give rise to ______ experience

Answer 19

PHYSICAL processes in the brain give rise to SUBJECTIVE experience

Question 20

In the Hard Problem, where does the explanotory gap is ?

Answer 20

between the material brain and the subjective world experience

Question 21

How are called the introspectively accessible, phenomenal, private aspects of our mental lives

Answer 21

Qualia

Question 22

What are qualia

Answer 22

Individual instances of subjectives, conscious experience

Question 23

Qualia are at the heart of the _________ ________

Answer 23

mind-body problem

Question 24

What is the ultimate form of understanding

Answer 24

by imitation

Question 25

Facial mimicry activates what exactly in the brain

Answer 25

It partially activates the emotion system

Question 26

The visual perception of emotion activates what

Answer 26

It partially activates the emotional system

Question 27

What happens when person wear gel facemask when matching new facial expression with old facial expression

Answer 27

The gel facemask that inhibe facial mimicry REDUCED acuracy across face stimuli

Question 28

Which view supports that all particles in the universe have some form of experience, that wherever there is life, there is consciousness

Answer 28

Panpsychism

Question 29

What is the integrated information theory

Answer 29

all systems that integrate information have some level of consciousness

Question 30

What describes quantitavely the level of integration of information

Answer 30

With the Phi score (the higher the score the higher the system's level of consciousness

Question 31

True or False ? According to the integrated information theory, AI systems, DNA and the universe itself have a form of consciousness

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What are one of the 3 definitions of consciousness

Answer 32

- state or faculty, or a particular state, of being aware of one's thought, feelings, actions, etc - the totality of the thoughts, feelings, impressions, etc of a person - the state of having the mental faculties awake and active so 1. being aware 2. totality, so the sum of... 3. having mental faculties

Question 33

Who was the first one to describe consciousness as a flow

Answer 33

William James, functionalist

Question 34

What describes according to Freud example of our unconscious processes (3)

Answer 34

- Slips of the tongue - dreams - Rohrschach inkblot test

Question 35

How can we qualify the self-awareness

Answer 35

Self-awareness refers to the capacity to become the object of one's own attention

Question 36

What do we become when we focus on the internal experience

Answer 36

We become - the reflective observer - aware of being awake - processing self-information

Question 37

We become aware of what when we focus on the internal experience

Answer 37

Aware of - experiencing specific mental events - emitting behaviours - possessing unique characteristics

Question 38

What is the self

Answer 38

a concept, only an abstraction, no place in the brain

Question 39

True or false, the self is stable, but not constructed

Answer 39

False, the self is not stable, but contructed, generated and dynamic

Question 40

Where do some scientist argue that the self is experienced in the brain

Answer 40

Activity in the "Default mode network" which is composed of the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, inferior and temporal regions

Question 41

Of what do the Default mode network is composed (the self)

Answer 41

``` in the medial prefrontal cortex + posterior cingulate cortex + inferior and temporal regions ```

Question 42

What do the mark test proves for a baby or an animal

Answer 42

the sense of self that is part of consciousness + ego representation

Question 43

According to Ramachandran, what is the self

Answer 43

it is about being aware of subjectibe experience

Question 44

What is qualia according to Ramachandran

Answer 44

Sensation you are conscious of

Question 45

True or false, sleep is a state of consciousness

Answer 45

true

Question 46

How do we differenciate level of consciousness

Answer 46

Patterns of electrical activity that correlates to the level of alertness or responsiveness

Question 47

Describe the wide-awake consciousness

Answer 47

- rapid irregular waves - low amplitude voltage - alpha and beta waves

Question 48

Describe sleep consciousness

Answer 48

- waves are slower - greater amplitude - periodic burst of slow waxing - awning amplitude

Question 49

Is this sleep consciousness or wide-awake consciousness: - waves are slower - greater amplitude - periodic burst of slow waxing - awning amplitude

Answer 49

Sleep consciousness

Question 50

Is this sleep consciousness or wide-awake : - rapid irregular waves - low amplitude voltage - alpha and beta waves

Answer 50

wide-awake consciousness

Question 51

What do Gamma waves describe and what is an example of that state

Answer 51

high alertness | ex: being afraid

Question 52

What kind of wave occurs during deep sleep and their is a loss of bodily awareness

Answer 52

Delta waves

Question 53

Which wave describes deep meditation, dreams, light sleep and REM sleep

Answer 53

Theta waves

Question 54

What wave describe the awake and conscious level

Answer 54

Beta waves

Question 55

True or false, Alpha waves describe mentally relaxed, but awake state and aslo about to fall asleep state

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What describes the stage 1 of sleep (3 element)

Answer 56

- Alpha waves → theta waves - lucid dreams - muscle spasms

Question 57

What is characteristic to the stage 2 of sleep

Answer 57

- sleep spindle (bursts of neural oscillatory activity) - k-complex (high wavelenght) - 65% of total sleep

Question 58

Which stage of sleep represents 65% of total sleep

Answer 58

stage 2

Question 59

What stage of sleep best fits the description: - Delta waves : slow wave sleep (SWS) - Crucial to feel rested (suppressed by alcohol - 40% of children sleep - 25% of adult sleep

Answer 59

Stage 3-4

Question 60

In which stage REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs, vivid dreams happen and where the brain activity is similar to wakefulness

Answer 60

Stage 5

Question 61

Why do we actually sleep

Answer 61

Restoration function and maintain cognitve abilities

Question 62

What are the presumable function of REM sleep

Answer 62

- memory consolidation - forgetting - insight

Question 63

Can animal fully sleep and how?

Answer 63

No they can't, sleep only with one hemisphere at a time to prevent danger

Question 64

What are the implication of the circadian rythm

Answer 64

- hormone release - body temperature - brain wave activity - hypothalamus → melatonin → trigger sense of fatigue

Question 65

What regulates - hormone release - body temperature - brain wave activity - hypothalamus → melatonin → trigger sense of fatigue

Answer 65

the circadian waves

Question 66

What is the function of the retina in the circadian rythm

Answer 66

it is sensitive to blue light!

Question 67

what does pRGCs stands for (think about retina)

Answer 67

photoceptive ganglion cells

Question 68

What is the consequence of reception of blue light by the pRGCs

Answer 68

1. change in behaviour 2. pupils constriction to regulate the amount of light in pupil 3. influence of gene expression!

Question 69

How does blue light influence gene expression

Answer 69

``` 1. Central circadian oscillators, peripheral oscillators TRIGGERED ↓ fires pRGCs ↓ hypothalamus ↓ Central circadian oscillators peripheral oscillators ↓ Influence gene expression ```

Question 70

Where do the regulation of melatonin occurs

Answer 70

Pineal gland

Question 71

Why do brain activity changes during the day

Answer 71

for optimal function accorging to the level of blue light and to adapt to day-activity and the different level of alertness

Question 72

Who is one of the supporter of synthetic psychology

Answer 72

Valentino Braitenberg

Question 73

What do Braitenberg vehicules imply

Answer 73

Those very simple internal structure machine are looked at in a very natural environment that uses psychological language to describe behavior

Question 74

What do observer from Braitenberg's simple vehicules

Answer 74

the behavioural description without any explanation

Question 75

Why do we look at Braitenberg's simple vehicules

Answer 75

To understand motivation, environmental and evolutionary explanation of a behaviour

Question 76

How do we observe Braitenberg's simple vehicules

Answer 76

mechanistic explanation

Question 77

What is the main limit of reductionism

Answer 77

Very complex behaviour can arise from a small set of simple principles

Question 78

True or false, William of Ockham believes that is the most simple explanation for a phenomenon that should be accepted and why

Answer 78

True, because easier to falsigy and to test

Question 79

What are the consequences of inhibitory connections (true LOVE vs one-night stands comparaison) Explain difference between vehicule A and B

Answer 79

the stronger the sensor is stimulated, the slower the engine will run Vehicle A : slowly towards light Vehicle B : faster towards light and then walks away

Question 80

What is the implication of reductionist psychology

Answer 80

Culture → mind → life → matter → anti-matter

Question 81

Formulate one critic of the reductionist psychology

Answer 81

Emergent behaviour may be unpredictable and might miss something. Also, it cannot add what cannot be described + complete reduction is very rare