Sensation and Perception

Question 1

2 things needed in order to hear/ for Audition to happen

Answer 1

1) pressurized sound wave

2) hair cell

Question 2

lower frequency

Answer 2

travel further - penetrate farther in cochlea
- this is how the cochlea can distinguish different sounds ( for example someone copping over someone tacking (F1 and F2 turn into a rough looking wave F3 (add together)

Question 3

stapes is attached to oval window attached which is to

Answer 3

cochlea- vibrations pushes fluid through it, goes through spiral, goes back and pushes not back on oval window but back onto circular window - bc separated by membrane/structure (organ of corti) in cochlea

Question 4

as fluid moves through cochlea

Answer 4

energy dissipated into electrical impulse to brain

Question 5

organ of corti

Answer 5

hearing appartatus- composed of basalir membrane and tectorial membrane

Question 6

how does fluid in cochlea fire impulse to brain?

Answer 6

hair cells move back and forth
- shark fin spot- hair bundle
-hair bundle composed of kinocilium (lil filament)
which are linked by tip link!
- tip link is attached to the gate of a potassium channel
- when hair cell moves the kinocilium stretch apart from each other and pull into tip links which open the potassium channels- allowing P to enter the cell - activated calcium channels ( ca also comes in ) and cell fires action potencial

Question 7

circular window

Answer 7

what the fluid in the cochlea pushes on after the wave has traveled through it

Question 8

cochlea distinguishing between different sounds ( auditory processing)

Answer 8

basilar tuning

- hair cells at the base of the cochlea are activated with high frequency sounds and at the end/tip low f sounds

Question 9

hair cells in cochlea

Answer 9

fluid wave travels along cochlea basilar membrane until it reaches a hair that is tune to that certain frequency
- will activate and reach the brain - primary auditory cortex

Question 10

primary auditory cortex

Answer 10

separated into regions that are specific to certain frequencies

Question 11

tonotopical mapping

Answer 11

mapping of sounds with different frequencies

Question 12

cochlear implants

Answer 12

surgery to attempt to fix nerve deafness

Question 13

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Answer 13

sound information travels up the vestibulocochlear nerve to the MGN in the thalamus

Question 14

compare LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) and MGN

Answer 14

lateral is for light (visual) and medial is for music (sound)

Question 15

pain

Answer 15

nociception

Question 16

postion

Answer 16

proprioception

Question 17

pressure

Answer 17

mechanoception

Question 18

temperature

Answer 18

thermoception

Question 19

top-down prossessing

Answer 19

conceptually driven - start with larger object (whole picture than work down) little attention to details - based on past memories and expectations - example: sign with missing letters but can still read it - see the whole picture ( based on past experience / memory

• help simplify our world

Question 20

bottom up processing

Answer 20

data- driven –> parallel processing and feature detection

Question 21

parallel processing

Answer 21

ability to simultaneously analyze and combine info regarding multiple aspects of stimuli (colour, shape, motion)

Question 22

somatosensory homunculus

Answer 22

map of body and brain

- sensory strip

Question 23

how do we know where our body is in space

Answer 23

proprioception - position

• subconscious, cognitive, balance (not overthinking it)
• receptors in a bunch of our muscles - sensitive to stretching (spindle) - if muscle stretched, spindle stretched - so we can tell how contracted and stretched each muscle in our body is at any time

Question 24

kinesthesia

Answer 24

more behavioural - swinging a golf club - taking note of it - teach yourself
- movement

Question 25

kinaesthesia and proprioception difference

Answer 25

both concerned with movement and position and where your body is in space but proprioception to do with POSITION balance, subconscious awareness of position and cognitive, whereas kinaesthesia to do with movement and much more behavioueal (nothing to do with balance!)

Question 26

TrpV1 receptor

Answer 26

sensitive to both pain and temp

Question 27

bottom-up processing

Answer 27

when the environment (stimuli) influences our thinking

- flash a pic of a tiger quickly - sensory in eyes- to thinking its a tiger

Question 28

top-down processing

Answer 28

• when our thinking influences how we see/interpret the environment
• Top-down processing is a cognitive process that initiates with our thoughts, which flow down to lower-level functions, such as the senses.

Question 29

top-down example

Answer 29

the B and 13 examples!

Surrounded by sequential letters, your brain expects the shape to be a letter and to complete the sequence. In that context, you perceive the lines to form the shape of the letter “B.” Surrounded by numbers, the same shape now looks like the number “13.” When given a context, your perception is driven by your cognitive expectations. Now you are processing the shape in a top-down fashion.

Question 30

sublimation stimulation

Answer 30

sensory stimulation that is below the threshold for conscious perception.

Question 31

sensory stimulation that is below the threshold for conscious perception

Answer 31

sublimation stimulation

Question 32

signal detection theory

Answer 32

posits that our ability to detect stimuli is impacted by the intensity of the stimulus and the physical/psychological state of the individual.

Question 33

Proprioception

Answer 33

sense of self-movement and body position. It is sometimes described as the “sixth sense”. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory neurons located within muscles, tendons, and joints.