Glossary (P-Z) Flashcards

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1
Q

occurs when we assume that others have the same feelings we do due to our tendency to look for similarities between ourself an others

A

projection bias

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2
Q

a receptor that responds to changes in the body position such as stretch on a tendon, or contraction of a muscle; the receptors allow us to be consciously aware of the position of our body parts

A

proprioceptor

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3
Q

psychoanalytical theory

A

personality is shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories. the classical version of this theory was developed by Sigmund Freud

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4
Q

psychoanalytical therapy

A

this therapy approach uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his or her unconscious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are causing difficulties

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5
Q

Pygmalion effect

A

closely related to the self-fulfilling prophecy; the two terms are even considered synonymous in some circles; it is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where if you think something will happen, you may unconsciously make it happen through your actions or inaction. It occurs in the workplace when a manager raises his or her expectations for the performance of workers, and this actually results in an increase in worker performance.

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6
Q

individual deals with an objectionable impulse by behaving in a manner diametrically opposite to that impulse e.g. being super sweet to a group of girls you greatly despise

A

reaction formation

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7
Q

reciprocal determinism

A
  • cognition environment behaviour
  • it is a cycle, they are all intertwined and all rely on each other

are all determinants of each other

-social-cognitive theory

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8
Q

ratio vs interval

A

ratio (after a number of target behaviour)

interval (time interval)

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9
Q

REM sleep

A

and beta waves which are seen in individuals when they are awake; despite these wave patterns, however, the sleeper is paralyzed aside from small twitches leading to the description of the stage as ‘paradoxical sleep’, this is generally when dreams occur

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10
Q

the mental shortcut where one judges the likelihood of things based on typical mental representations or examples of those things

A

representative heuristic

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11
Q

reporting bias

A

selective revealing or suppression of info by subjects - not telling about smoking

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12
Q

retrieval structure principle

A
  • states that through practice individuals acquire memory mechanisms that facilitate the retrieval of information.
  • the principle which states that experts develop memory mechanisms (called retrieval structure) to facilitate the retrieval of information stored int he long-term memory; these mechanisms operate in a fashion consistent with the meaningful encoding principle to provide cues that can be later regenerated to retrieve stored information effectively without a lengthy search
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13
Q

residential segregation

A

the separation of groups into different neighborhoods, which most often occurs due to racial differences, ethnic differences, and/or socioeconomic differences; it is NOT based on laws, but rather enduring social patterns, which are attributed to suburbanization, discrimination, and personal preferences

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14
Q
  • states that attention is a limited resource
  • if multiple tasks do not exceed this limit, they can be done simultaneously;
  • if they do, then they interfere with each other and are difficult to do simultaneously
A

resource model of attention

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15
Q

retention interval

A

the amount of time elapsed since information was learned and when it must be recalled

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16
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A
  • structures in the brainstem that are important for alertness and arousal as in wakefulness
  • If the RAS becomes damaged in any way, it can affect both wakefulness and sleep
  • The reticular formation has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep
17
Q

retroactive interference

A

retro meme are interfered

18
Q

Carl rogeres

A

humanistic perspective

19
Q

group polarization

A

more extreme point of view

20
Q

groupthink

A

when members modify their opinions to match what the group thinks

21
Q

role-strain vs role-conflict

A

when a single stats results in conflicting expectations

  • avoid being “too gay” and also “not gay enough”
  • single role = role-straing
  • multiple roles- being a mother and a wife = role conflict
22
Q

in response to touching or stroking on of a baby’s cheek, the baby will turn its head in the direction of the stroke and open its mouth to “root” for a nipple

A

rooting reflex

23
Q

rewards and punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms

  • a fine or a grade
  • formal -laws
  • informal -is not enforced or punished by an authority but that occurs in everyday interactions with other people - in movie thether one person asks the other to lower their voice
A

sanctions

sociologists consider sanctions a form of external control. Sanctions can either be positive (rewards) or negative (punishment), and can arise from either formal or informal control.

24
Q

Formal _________ are actions that are legalized and official in nature and enforced by an authoritative force. Punishments and rewards from officials such as law enforcement and academic settings are examples of this

A

sanctions

25
Q

parietal lobe

A

perception of various sensations such as touch, pain, and pressure.

  • stand too close to campfire - sensation - move back
26
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary muscle control, higher intellect, personality, mood, social behaviour, and language.

27
Q

temporal lobe

A

It is responsible for memory, language and hearing. It sits underneath the previous two lobes

  • it sits close to the ears - auditory processing

emotion, learning and new language

28
Q

occipital lobe

A

processing visual stimuli