Glossary (P-Z) Flashcards
occurs when we assume that others have the same feelings we do due to our tendency to look for similarities between ourself an others
projection bias
a receptor that responds to changes in the body position such as stretch on a tendon, or contraction of a muscle; the receptors allow us to be consciously aware of the position of our body parts
proprioceptor
psychoanalytical theory
personality is shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories. the classical version of this theory was developed by Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytical therapy
this therapy approach uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his or her unconscious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are causing difficulties
Pygmalion effect
closely related to the self-fulfilling prophecy; the two terms are even considered synonymous in some circles; it is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where if you think something will happen, you may unconsciously make it happen through your actions or inaction. It occurs in the workplace when a manager raises his or her expectations for the performance of workers, and this actually results in an increase in worker performance.
individual deals with an objectionable impulse by behaving in a manner diametrically opposite to that impulse e.g. being super sweet to a group of girls you greatly despise
reaction formation
reciprocal determinism
- cognition environment behaviour
- it is a cycle, they are all intertwined and all rely on each other
are all determinants of each other
-social-cognitive theory
ratio vs interval
ratio (after a number of target behaviour)
interval (time interval)
REM sleep
and beta waves which are seen in individuals when they are awake; despite these wave patterns, however, the sleeper is paralyzed aside from small twitches leading to the description of the stage as ‘paradoxical sleep’, this is generally when dreams occur
the mental shortcut where one judges the likelihood of things based on typical mental representations or examples of those things
representative heuristic
reporting bias
selective revealing or suppression of info by subjects - not telling about smoking
retrieval structure principle
- states that through practice individuals acquire memory mechanisms that facilitate the retrieval of information.
- the principle which states that experts develop memory mechanisms (called retrieval structure) to facilitate the retrieval of information stored int he long-term memory; these mechanisms operate in a fashion consistent with the meaningful encoding principle to provide cues that can be later regenerated to retrieve stored information effectively without a lengthy search
residential segregation
the separation of groups into different neighborhoods, which most often occurs due to racial differences, ethnic differences, and/or socioeconomic differences; it is NOT based on laws, but rather enduring social patterns, which are attributed to suburbanization, discrimination, and personal preferences
- states that attention is a limited resource
- if multiple tasks do not exceed this limit, they can be done simultaneously;
- if they do, then they interfere with each other and are difficult to do simultaneously
resource model of attention
retention interval
the amount of time elapsed since information was learned and when it must be recalled
reticular activating system (RAS)
- structures in the brainstem that are important for alertness and arousal as in wakefulness
- If the RAS becomes damaged in any way, it can affect both wakefulness and sleep
- The reticular formation has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep
retroactive interference
retro meme are interfered
Carl rogeres
humanistic perspective
group polarization
more extreme point of view
groupthink
when members modify their opinions to match what the group thinks
role-strain vs role-conflict
when a single stats results in conflicting expectations
- avoid being “too gay” and also “not gay enough”
- single role = role-straing
- multiple roles- being a mother and a wife = role conflict
in response to touching or stroking on of a baby’s cheek, the baby will turn its head in the direction of the stroke and open its mouth to “root” for a nipple
rooting reflex
rewards and punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms
- a fine or a grade
- formal -laws
- informal -is not enforced or punished by an authority but that occurs in everyday interactions with other people - in movie thether one person asks the other to lower their voice
sanctions
sociologists consider sanctions a form of external control. Sanctions can either be positive (rewards) or negative (punishment), and can arise from either formal or informal control.
Formal _________ are actions that are legalized and official in nature and enforced by an authoritative force. Punishments and rewards from officials such as law enforcement and academic settings are examples of this
sanctions
