Glossary terms (A-H)

Question 1

central executive

Answer 1

part of Alan Baddeley’s model of working memory that oversees the visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and episodic buffer. Responsible for shifting and dividing attention

Question 2

importance of central executive

Answer 2

The central executive is the most important component of the working memory model, although little is known about how it functions. It is responsible for monitoring and coordinating the operation of the slave systems (i.e., visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop) and relates them to long term memory (LTM).

Question 3

cognitive route of persuasion based on the content and deeper aspects of an argument

Answer 3

central route

Question 4

main function of the cerebellum

Answer 4

Coordination of voluntary movements (skeletal)

Question 5

cerebral cortex

Answer 5

The cerebral cortex is the thin layer of the brain that covers the outer portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum.

it is made of grey matter - the cell bodies and then the inside is the white matter (bc its the axons that have myelinated axons - for processing)

this inside is cerebellum –> composed of the lobes

Question 6

cerebral cortex role

Answer 6

The cerebral cortex is the largest site of neural integration in the central nervous system. It plays a key role in attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language, and consciousness
-The cerebral cortex is the conscious mind, and is functionally divided into four lobes: the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, and occipital lobes

Question 7

cerebrum vs cerebral cortex

Answer 7

The cerebrum is a collective term that refers to the largest part of the four main parts of the brain, while the cerebral cortex is a specific term that refers to the outer layer of the cerebrum.

Question 8

what does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) not do?

Answer 8

deliver oxygen
- that’s the RBC’s, it helps to physically support the brain and acts as a shock absorber. It also exchanges nutrients and wastes with the brain and spinal cord;

Question 9

charismatic authority

Answer 9

type of leadership where devotion is reliant upon an individual having exceptional charisma

Question 10

choroid

Answer 10

the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissues, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye

Question 11

sclera

Answer 11

the white of the eye (outer layer)

Question 12

retina

Answer 12

The retina is an essential part of the eye that enables vision. It’s a thin layer of tissue that covers approximately 65 percent of the back of the eye, near the optic nerve. Its job is to receive light from the lens, convert it to neural signals and transmit them to the brain for visual recognition

Question 13

ciliary muscle

Answer 13

help focus light by controlling curvature of the lens

Question 14

classical conditioning

Answer 14

two stimuli are paired in a way that changes the response to one of them

Question 15

coercive organizations

Answer 15

people don’t have a choice to join
- prison or rehabilitation center
coercive means- relating to or using force

Question 16

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 16

a theory that explains that we feel tension (“dissonance”) whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs (“cognitions”) that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviors don’t match. When this occurs, we try to reduce this unpleasant feeling of tension by making our views of the world match how we feel or what we’ve done.

• I’m a smoker, smoker causes cancer

Question 17

concrete operational

Answer 17

Piaget’s third stage of his developmental theory where children aged 7 to 11 learn to think logically and learn the principle of conservation as well as mathematical concepts

Question 18

confederates

Answer 18

in psychological and social research, a confederate is a person who is working with the experimenter and posing as a part of the experiment, but the subjects are not aware of this affiliation

Question 19

a tendency to search only for information that confirms a preconceived conclusion

Answer 19

confirmation bias

Question 20

conflict theory

Answer 20

watch that video on it - thesis and antithesis- based on dissatisfaction of inequality

Question 21

construct validity

Answer 21

the degree to which a test actually measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring, the appropriateness of inferences made on the basis of observations or measurements (often test scores), specifically whether a test measures the intended variable

Question 22

a psychological disorder characterized by a change in sensory or motor function that has no discernible physical or physiological cause, and which seems to be significantly affected by psychological factors.

such as going blind after watching son die, or becoming paralyzed with no physical ailment present

Answer 22

conversion disorder

• symptoms usually happen after a stressor or emotional conflict

Question 23

cornea

Answer 23

clear portion of the very outer layer of the eyeball - found over the iris and the pupil

Question 24

the largest bundle of white matter (axons) connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 24

corpus callosum

Question 25

corpus callosum

Answer 25

The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex lobes into left and right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides of the brain, allowing for communication between both hemispheres

Question 26

critical theory

Answer 26

school of thought that sresses the selective assessment and critique of society and culture - by applying knowledge from the social sciences and humanities. it focusses on changing rather than understanding society

Question 27

crude death rate

Answer 27

annual # of deaths per 1000 ppl

Question 28

judging another culture based on its own cultural standards

Answer 28

cultural relativism
- the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.

Question 29

cultural universals

Answer 29

patterns or traits that are common to all people; cultural universals tend to pertain to basic human survival and needs, such as securing good and shelter, and also pertain to events that every human experiences, including birth, death, and illness

Question 30

according to psychoanalytic theory, the _________ drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself or others

Answer 30

death instinct

• Freud proposed that “the goal of all life is death.”
• an innate and unconscious tendency toward self-destruction postulated in psychoanalytic theory to explain aggressive and destructive behavior not satisfactorily explained by the pleasure principle.

Question 31

an explanation of people’s startling and often uncharacteristic behavior when situations provide a high degree of arousal and a very low sense of responsibility

Answer 31

deindividulization

Question 32

a psychological disorder characterized by a need to be taken care of by others and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of himself or herself

Answer 32

dependent personality disorder

Question 33

a psychological disorder characterized by a recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from one’s body or mental processes, as if observing one’s self from the outside

Answer 33

depersonalization disorder

Question 34

3 depressants

Answer 34

class of drugs that depress or slow down neural activity
-includes alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), and opiates

Question 35

the idea that information that is thought about at a deeper level is better remembered

Answer 35

depth of processing

Question 36

the portion of the forebrain that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 36

diencephalon

Question 37

difference threshold (aka the just noticeable difference or JND)

Answer 37

this threshold is the minimum noticeable difference between any two sensory stimuli 50% of the time

Question 38

dishabituation

Answer 38

restoring full strength of a response to a stimulus that had previously been weakened through habituation

Question 39

the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

Answer 39

habituation

Question 40

disorganized- type schizophrenia

Answer 40

a psychological disorder that is characterized by psychosis in the form of flat or inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

Question 41

refers to as incoherent and illogical thoughts and behaviors related to schizophrenia

Answer 41

disorganized-type schizophrenia

Question 42

a psychological disorder characterized by at least one episode of suddenly forgetting some important personal information, usually related to severe stress or trauma

Answer 42

dissociate amnesia

Question 43

dissociative disorders

Answer 43

Dissociative disorders are mental disorders that involve experiencing a disconnection and lack of continuity between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions and identity. People with dissociative disorders escape reality in ways that are involuntary and unhealthy and cause problems with functioning in everyday life.

Question 44

3 types of dissociative disorders

Answer 44

• Dissociative identity disorder
• Dissociative amnesia
• Depersonalization/derealization disorder

Question 45

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 45

Dissociative identity disorder is associated with overwhelming experiences, traumatic events and/or abuse that occurred in childhood. Dissociative identity disorder was previously referred to as multiple personality disorder.

Question 46

symptoms of dissociative identity disorder

Answer 46

The existence of two or more distinct identities (or “personality states”). The distinct identities are accompanied by changes in behavior, memory and thinking. The signs and symptoms may be observed by others or reported by the individual.
Ongoing gaps in memory about everyday events, personal information and/or past traumatic events.
The symptoms cause significant distress or problems in social, occupational or other areas of functioning.

Question 47

dissociative amnesia

Answer 47

Dissociative amnesia involves not being able to recall information about oneself (not normal forgetting). This amnesia is usually related to a traumatic or stressful event and may be:

localized – unable to remember an event or period of time (most common type)
selective – unable to remember a specific aspect of an event or some events within a period of time
generalized – complete loss of identity and life history (rare)

Question 48

a psychological disorder where someone suddenly goes on a journey, during which he or she cannot recall personal history prior to the journey

Answer 48

dissociative fugue

fugue- a state or period of loss of awareness of one’s identity, often coupled with flight from one’s usual environment, associated with certain forms of hysteria and epilepsy.

Question 49

a psychological disorder characterized by alternating between two or more distinct personality states (or identities), only one of which interacts with other people at any one time

Answer 49

dissociative identity disorder

Question 50

door-in-the-face technique

Answer 50

• bid request = turn down, small request follows- ok fine
• The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by first making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader’s face. This is followed by a smaller request which the respondent will now more easily agree to.

Question 51

a decrease in social class

Answer 51

downward mobility

Question 52

drive

Answer 52

an urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness.
- Drives can be useful for alerting an organism that it is no longer in a state of homeostasis, an internal state of equilibrium

Question 53

driv reduction theory

Answer 53

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. These needs result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis.

Question 54

emile durkheim

and dual coding hypothesis

• these are not related

Answer 54

dual coding hypothesis
a hypothesis that it is easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone
Emile Durkheim
considered the father of sociology and a major proponent of functionalism, Emile Durkheim was the pioneer of modern social research and established the field of sociology as separate and distinct from psychology and political philosophy

Question 55

dyssomnias

Answer 55

sleep disorders that include abnormal amount, quality and timing of sleep - insomnia, narcolepsy and sleep apnea

Question 56

ego

Answer 56

ego= logical thinking, planning, controlling the id (pleasure principle)

ego is ruled by the reality principle

Question 57

ego defines mechanisms

Answer 57

to cope with this anxiety and protect the ego, all people develop defense ego mechanisms that unconsciously deny or distort reality. Ego defense mechanisms are therefore normal, and become unhealthy only when taken to extremes; developed by Sigmund Freud

Question 58

examples of ego defines mechanisms

Answer 58

Denial. Denial is one of the most common defense mechanisms. ...
Repression. Unsavory thoughts, painful memories, or irrational beliefs can upset you. ...
Projection. ...
Displacement. ...
Regression. ...
Rationalization. ...
Sublimation. ...
Reaction formation.

Question 59

repression

Answer 59

unconscious mechanism controlled by the ego to keep shitty events hidden from the conscious

Question 60

sublimation

Answer 60

satisfying an impulse with a substitute object- like displacement BUT in a socially acceptable way

• playing football to get out aggression

Question 61

displacement

Answer 61

mad at boss, but come home and take it out on sister. Not socially acceptable really

Question 62

projection

Answer 62

projecting your own feelings onto someone else

• you hate someone but super ego tells you this is unacceptable- so you decide to believe that they hate you
• s a psychological defense mechanism in which individuals attribute characteristics they find unacceptable in themselves to another person. For example, a husband who has a hostile nature might attribute this hostility to his wife and say she has an anger management problem

Question 63

another word for photographic memory

Answer 63

eidetic memory

Question 64

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 64

The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change.

“how likely is it that you are going to elaborate your thinking in making this decision?”

• really hard= central route processing
• not much= peripheral route processing (not really using information that is central to the desicion)

Question 65

female version of the Oedipus complex. It involves a girl, aged between 3 and 6, becoming subconsciously sexually attached to her father and increasingly hostile toward her mother.

Answer 65

Electra complex

Question 66

a type of synapse in which the cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing ions (and therefore the action potential) to spread easily from cell to cell

Answer 66

electrical synapse

Question 67

EEG vs EMG vs EOG

Answer 67

EEG- recording of electrical impulses in the brain (electroencephalogram)
EMG- electromyogram = recording skeletal muscle movement
EOG - electrooculogram- recording eye movement

Question 68

encoding

Answer 68

• getting it in
  transferring sensory information into the memory system
  -The process of breaking the information down into a form we understand is the process of encoding (and we later “decode” the information to recall it). But the process of getting it into the memory system for storage and later retrieval is encoding.

Question 69

memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval; for example studying in the same room as an exam is taken
-the recall of information when intoxicated being easier when intoxicated again

Answer 69

encoding specificity principle

Question 70

the practice of marrying within a particular group (within tribe, local community, clan)

Answer 70

endogamy

marrying within Indians caste system is an example

Question 71

environmental injustice

Answer 71

when people in poorer communities are more likely to be subjected to negative environmental impacts to their health and well-being

Question 72

living near a mine is an example of

Answer 72

environmental injustice

Question 73

epinephrine is produced where

Answer 73

adrenal medulla

- prolongs and increases the effects of the SNS

Question 74

episodic buffer

Answer 74

• the most recent addition to the working memory model - a third “slave”
• The Episodic Buffer refers to a component of Baddeley and Hitch’s Model of Working Memory.
• The episodic buffer is the third member of these slave systems and is theorized to integrate the other functions, known as the phonological loop (information heard) and visio-spatial sketchpad (information seen) with a sense of time, so that things occur in a continuing sequence, like a story from a book or movie. This theory is used to explain why memories can be experienced as a coordinated sequence of events rather than as discrete segments.

Question 75

working memory

Answer 75

is a multi-component system which includes the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and episodic buffer.

working men is short term memory

Question 76

working memory model

Answer 76

input–> sensory info–> working men–> long term

Question 77

central executive

Answer 77

the “boss” of working memory
- allocates data to the subsystems: the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. It also deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem-solving.

Question 78

Visuospatial Sketchpad (inner eye)

Answer 78

a component of working memory model which stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form. The visuospatial sketchpad is used for navigation.

• responsibility for storing and manipulating visual and spatial information.
• it is responsible for storing and processing information in visual or spatial form, as well as the location or speed of objects in space.

Question 79

Phonological Loop

Answer 79

The phonological loop is a component of working memory model that deals with spoken and written material. It is subdivided into the phonological store (which holds information in a speech-based form) and the articulatory process (which allows us to repeat verbal information in a loop).

Phonological Store (inner ear) processes speech perception and stores spoken words we hear for 1-2 seconds.

Articulatory control process (inner voice) processes speech production and rehearses and stores verbal information from the phonological store.

The phonological store (linked to speech perception) acts as an inner ear and holds information in a speech-based form (i.e., spoken words) for 1-2 seconds. Spoken words enter the store directly. Written words must first be converted into an articulatory (spoken) code before they can enter the phonological store.

The articulatory control process (linked to speech production) acts like an inner voice rehearsing information from the phonological store. It circulates information round and round like a tape loop. This is how we remember a telephone number we have just heard. As long as we keep repeating it, we can retain the information in working memory.

Question 80

more on visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 80

the visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye) deals with visual and spatial information. Visual information refers to what things look like. It is likely that the visuospatial sketchpad plays an important role in helping us keep track of where we are in relation to other objects as we move through our environment (Baddeley, 1997).

As we move around, our position in relation to objects is constantly changing and it is important that we can update this information. For example, being aware of where we are in relation to desks, chairs and tables when we are walking around a classroom means that we don’t bump into things too often!

The sketchpad also displays and manipulates visual and spatial information held in long-term memory. For example, the spatial layout of your house is held in LTM. Try answering this question: How many windows are there in the front of your house?

You probably find yourself picturing the front of your house and counting the windows. An image has been retrieved from LTM and pictured on the sketchpad.

Question 81

episodic buffer function

Answer 81

The episodic buffer acts as a ‘backup’ store which communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory.

Question 82

is the memory of every day events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual information) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. usually clear and significant memorirs highly emotional act..)

Answer 82

episodic memory

Question 83

examples of episodic memory

Answer 83

Your memories of your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend’s birthday party, and your brother’s graduation are all examples of episodic memories.

Question 84

episodic vs semantic memory

Answer 84

Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recall and mentally reexperience specific episodes from one’s personal past and is contrasted with semantic memory that includes memory for generic, context-free knowledge.

Question 85

a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy whereby the individual is introduced to the specific anxiety-inducing situation gradually and in a controlled environment until his or her anxiety level decreases through adaptation; it has been found to be the most effective form of treatment for agoraphobia

Answer 85

exposure therapy

Question 86

Eric Erickson

Answer 86

extended Freud’s theory of developmental stages in two ways. He added social and interpersonal factors, to supplement Freud’s focus or unconscious conflicts within a person. And he delineated additional developmental stages and conflicts in adolescence and adulthood, to supplement Freud’s focus on early childhood. His stages include: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair

Question 87

who came up with PEN model

Answer 87

Eysenck

Question 88

what’s PEN stand for

Answer 88

psychotic (aggressive, maniplative, risk-taking, irresponsible), extroverts and neuroticism (emotional stability)

(biological theory)

Question 89

escape learning

Answer 89

alarm clock- turn it off

• operatant conditioning
• learn to do a behaviour to escape a negative stimuli

Question 90

operant conditioning

Answer 90

is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence (Skinner, 1938).

Question 91

the tendency to judge people from another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

Answer 91

enthocentrism

Question 92

exogamy

Answer 92

requirement to marry outside of a particular group

Question 93

explicit (or declarative) memory

Answer 93

is one of the two main types of long-term human memory, the other of which is implicit memory. Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts.

Question 94

what falls under explicit memory

Answer 94

semantic (general knowledge about the world) and episodic (specific personal events)

Question 95

implicit memory

Answer 95

unconscious memory
-priming and procedural memory (skills and task - riding a bike)

based on previous knowledge and experiences

-is sometimes referred to as unconscious memory or automatic memory. Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them.

Question 96

the belief that once does not have control over outcomes, but they are controlled by outside forces

Answer 96

external locus of control

Question 97

face validity

Answer 97

the degree to which a procedure, especially a psychological test or assessment, appears effective in terms of its stated aims.

-face validity is when an assessment or test appears to do what it claims to do.

Question 98

what is construct validity

Answer 98

Construct validity is about ensuring that the method of measurement matches the construct you want to measure. If you develop a questionnaire to diagnose depression, you need to know: does the questionnaire really measure the construct of depression? Or is it actually measuring the respondent’s mood, self-esteem, or some other construct?

Question 99

feature detection theory

Answer 99

• the theory that all complex stimuli can be broken down into individual parts (features), each of which is analyzed by a specific feature detector.
• is a process by which the nervous system sorts or filters complex natural stimuli in order to extract behaviorally relevant cues that have a high probability of being associated with important objects or organisms in their environment, as opposed to irrelevant background or noise.
• complex can be broken down to simple features

Question 100

fecundity

Answer 100

fertility

Question 101

neglected/abandoned children who grow up without without human contact/care. Much of our knowledge about socialization comes from these individuals who were not socialized

Answer 101

feral children

Question 102

Model of selective attention that suggests that information from a sensory buffer is put through a filter that allows only selected inputs through (Broadbent)

Answer 102

filter model

Question 103

5-factor model

Answer 103

A model developed to explain personality using five overarching personality traits which include extroversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreableness, and concentiousness, this was developed by Costa and McCrae

Question 104

fixed ratio vs fixed interval

Answer 104

if says interval–> set time, if says ratio set amount of right answers

Question 105

the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge; it involves the ability to identify patterns and relationships that underpin novel problems and to extrapolate these findings using logic.

Answer 105

fluid intelligence

Question 106

a strategy that involves enticing people to take small actions, and then gradually asking for larger and larger commitment

Answer 106

foot-in-the-door

Question 107

Piaget’s 4th stage of his developmental theory, from age 12-adulthood. During this stage, people learn abstract and moral reasoning

Answer 107

formal operation stage

Question 108

a tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging

Answer 108

functional fixedness

-a type of cognitive bias that involves a tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way

Question 109

functional amnesia

Answer 109

• sudden past memory loss
  a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years, also called psychogenic and dissociative amnesia. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature consciously, but subconscious recall (sweating and increased HR) is common

Question 110

fundamental attribution error

Answer 110

is the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behavior, in one study when something bad happened to someone else, subjects blamed that person’s behavior or personality 65% of the time.

-KEY HERE is OTHER PPL

Question 111

fundamentalism and fundamentalists

Answer 111

Some examples of fundamentalism are; Fascism, Nazism, Socialism, Communism, Marxism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Fundamentalism is not limited to a theistic belief, but references any form of belief that mandates a strict obedience to a particular set of beliefs.

Question 112

Phineas Gage

Answer 112

famous case of a man who suffered damage to his prefrontal cortex after a railroad tie blasted through his head. His symptoms due to damage to this area included: impulsivity, an inability to stick to plans, an inability to demonstrate empathy

Question 113

the study of how beings can cooperate with each other and use strategies for their own reason, whether it’s personal gain or altruism.

Answer 113

game theory

Question 114

ganglia

Answer 114

collection of neuron cell bodies (unmyelinated- grey matter) found in the PNS
- normally grey matter (cell bodies) are found in the CNS- spine and brain, but this are in the body - relay system

Question 115

grey matter

Answer 115

• somas
  (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.

Question 116

grey vs white matter

Answer 116

Grey matter is distinguished from white matter in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axons. The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin (high lipid content)

Question 117

white matter

Answer 117

myelinated axons

Question 118

grey matter

Answer 118

cell bodies or sommas
- inside of spinal cord, but on the outside of the brain
and short unmyelinateud axons

Question 119

general fertility rate vs crude birth rate

Answer 119

annual # of live births per 1000 women of child-bearing age (15-49ish)

• crude= annual # per 1000 people in a population

Question 120

in classical conditioning, the process by which stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus also become conditioned stimuli that elicit the conditioned response

Answer 120

generalization

Question 121

A psychological disorder characterized by tension or anxiety much of the time about many issues, but without the presence of panic attacks.

Answer 121

GAD

Question 122

symbolic interactionism

Answer 122

is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. Communication—the exchange of meaning through language and symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds.
- it is a frame of reference to better understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds, and in return, how these worlds shape individual behaviors

Question 123

generalized other

Answer 123

When we enter a grocery store without any knowledge of the grocer, our expectations are based only on knowledge of grocers and customers in general and what is usually supposed to take place when they interact.
- a representative member of a shared social system

Question 124

Freuds 5th stage

Answer 124

genital stage

- a person’s life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, art, sports, and careers

Question 125

Gestalt psychology

Answer 125

A theory that the brain processes information in a holistic manner, especially for visual information, the brain tends to make assumptions in order to detect the whole, instead of serially processing all of the individual parts.

Question 126

the phenomenon where groups tend to intensify the pre-existing views of their members until the average view is more extreme than it initially was

Answer 126

group polarization

Question 127

a phenomenon where within a group, the desire for harmony or conformity results in an easy consensus even if the final decision is not the best one

Answer 127

groupthink

Question 128

who expanded on Marx’s ideas by arguing that war and conquest are the basis of civilizations. He believed that cultural and ethnic conflicts led to states being identified and defined by a dominant group that had power over other groups

Answer 128

Ludwig Gumplowicz

Question 129

describe the brain structure

Answer 129

• The brain presents three main divisions: forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
• The forebrain in turn has two subdivisions, telencephalon (endbrain) and diencephalon (interbrain). The hindbrain likewise has two subdivisions, the metencephalon (afterbrain) and the myelencephalon (marrowbrain).
• The bulk of the brain is formed by two cerebral hemispheres, which are derived from the telencephalon.
• The diencephalon lies between the hemispheres. It forms the upper part of the brain stem. The brain stem is formed by the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and myelencephalon, or medulla oblongata.
• The cerebellum is a fissured mass of gray matter that occupies the posterior cranial fossa and is attached to the brain stem by three pairs of peduncles. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves issue from the base of the brain and brain stem.
• The cerebral cortex, which is the most superficial part of the hemispheres and is only a few millimeters in thickness, is composed of gray matter, in contrast to the interior of the hemispheres, which is composed partly of white matter.
• Gray matter consists largely of the bodies of nerve and glial cells, whereas white matter consists largely of the processes or fibers of nerve and glial cells.

Question 130

prosencephalon

Answer 130

forebrain

Question 131

prosencephalon can be divided into

Answer 131

diencephalon (innerbrain- thalamus and hypothalmus and forms part of the brainstem ) and telencephalon (literally the main part of the brain - the cerebrum)

Question 132

mesencephalon

Answer 132

midbrain - part of brain stem

• the colliculi, the tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles. Of the 12 cranial nerves, two thread directly from the midbrain - the oculomotor and trochlear nerves, responsible for eye and eyelid movement
• is the portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. A number of nerve tracts run through the midbrain that connect the cerebrum with the cerebellum and other hindbrain structures. A major function of the midbrain is to aid in movement as well as visual and auditory processing. Damage to certain areas of the mesencephalon have been linked to the development of Parkinson’s disease.
• It is located between the forebrain and the hindbrain.

Question 133

hindbrain (rhomencephalon) function

Answer 133

is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum. The hindbrain coordinates functions that are fundamental to survival, including respiratory rhythm, motor activity, sleep, and wakefulness.