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MCAT PSYC > Glossary terms (H-P) > Flashcards

Glossary terms (H-P) Flashcards

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1
Q

a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

A

habituation

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2
Q

vestibular hair cells

A

respond to position and acceleration used for balance

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3
Q

a tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics

A

halo effect

-is when one trait of a person or thing is used to make an overall judgment of that person or thing. It supports rapid decisions, even if biased ones.

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4
Q

Harlow, Harry, and Margaret

A

Researchers known for their controversial experiments with monkeys in which they showed that baby monkeys are drawn to mothers that provide comfort rather than simply food, also showed that monkeys raised in isolation developed severe mental and social defecits

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5
Q

where is hippocampus located

A
  • medial temporal lobe
  • telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, amygdala and olfactory bulb. From the diencephalon the thalamus and surrounding nuclei, hypothalamus, retina and optic nerve. The mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain structures, and the metencephalon the pons and cerebellum)
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6
Q

damage to hippocampus

A

inability to form new mems

  • Retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. The hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory.
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7
Q

anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia

A

new memories and old memories

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8
Q

a psychological disorder characterized by a strong desire to be the center of attention and seeking to attract attention through personal appearance and seductive behavior

A

histrionic personality disorder

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9
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic and erratic ( not regular, unpredictable)

-antisocial, histrionic, borderline (People with borderline personality disorder are driven by an overwhelming fear of being abandoned. This often leads to signs like impulse behaviors, including gambling, unsafe sex, and binge eating. They often have fragile self-worth and unstable relationships. When interpersonal conflict is high, people with borderline personality disorder have paranoia and outbursts of anger.)

, narcissistic

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10
Q

Cluster A

A

odd and eccentric

  • Schizoid Personality Disorder
  • Schizotypal Personality Disorder
  • Paranoid Personality Disorder
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11
Q

Cluster C

A

fearful and anxious

  • OCD
  • dependent
  • avoidant personality disorder
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12
Q

People with _______ are driven by an overwhelming fear of being abandoned. This often leads to signs like impulse behaviors, including gambling, unsafe sex, and binge eating. They often have fragile self-worth and unstable relationships. When interpersonal conflict is high, people with borderline personality disorder have paranoia and outbursts of anger.

A

borderline personality disorder

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13
Q

a psychological perspective developed partially in response to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes an individual’s inherent drive towards self-actualization. Carl Rogers is most associated with this kind of psychology

A

humanistic perspective

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14
Q

humanistic psychotherapy

A

humanistic therapy is a positive approach to psychotherapy that focuses on a person’s individual nature, rather than categorizing groups of people with similar characteristics as having the same problems. Humanistic therapy looks at the whole person, not only from the therapist’s view but from the viewpoint of individuals observing their own behavior. The emphasis is on a person’s positive traits and behaviors, and the ability to use their personal instincts to find wisdom, growth, healing, and fulfillment within themselves.

  • This was a new, more holistic approach that focused less on pathology, past experiences, and environmental influences on a person’s behavior, and more on the positive side of human nature.
  • Humanistic therapists believe people are inherently motivated to fulfill their internal needs and their individual potential to become self-actualized. Self-actualization can take many forms, including creative endeavors, spiritual enlightenment, a pursuit of wisdom, or altruism.
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15
Q 
an inherited (autosomal dominant) disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain; it has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders
-is a progressive brain disorder that causes uncontrolled movements, emotional problems, and loss of thinking ability (cognition). Adult-onset Huntington disease, the most common form of this disorder, usually appears in a person's thirties or forties
A

huntington disease

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

Sensory memory is ultra-short-term memory that lasts only milliseconds for most people. Iconic memory is the sensory memory related to visual memory.

is much shorter than echoic memory

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17
Q

id

A

according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the largely unconscious id is the source of energy and instincts ruled by the pleasure principle, the id seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain, and gain pleasure; it does not use logical or moral reasoning and it does not distinguish mental images from external objects; according to Freud, young children function almost entirely from the id.

-The id contains the libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force that is unresponsive to the demands of reality

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18
Q

ideal self

A

constructed out of life experiences, societal expectations, and admirable traits, from role models, the ideal self is the person you ought to be while the real self is the person you actually are

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19
Q

memory that involves conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do things

A

implicit

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20
Q

explicit memory

A

refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered. As you can see in Figure 9.2, “Types of Memory,” there are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic. Episodic memory refers to the firsthand experiences that we have had (e.g., recollections of our high school graduation day or of the fantastic dinner we had in New York last year). Semantic memory refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world

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21
Q

what does recall test test?

A

explicit memory - consciously have to remember

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22
Q

implicit memory

A

refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously access. However, implicit memory is nevertheless exceedingly important to us because it has a direct effect on our behaviour. Implicit memory refers to the influence of experience on behaviour, even if the individual is not aware of those influences. As you can see in Figure 9.2, “Types of Memory,” there are three general types of implicit memory: procedural memory, classical conditioning effects, and priming.

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23
Q

procedural memory, classical conditioning effects, and priming are examples of what type of memory

A

implicit memory

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24
Q

procedural memory

A

refers to our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things. When we walk from one place to another, speak to another person in English, dial a cell phone, or play a video game, we are using procedural memory.

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25
Q

a type of implicit memory is classical conditioning effects, which …

A

we learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli (such as a sound or a light) with another stimulus (such as food), which creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation. The memory for the association is demonstrated when the conditioned stimulus (the sound) begins to create the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (the food) did before the learning.

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26
Q

incentive theory

A

incentives motivate behaviour

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27
Q

inclusive fitness

A

a theory that suggest that cooperation among organisms (altruistic behaviour) promotes genetic success —> a hawk faking an injury to deter a predator from going for it young, even though it doesn’t survive, its babies will, which have its genes)

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28
Q

the emotional result when the real self falls short of the ideal self

A

incongruity - when things don’t match as they are expected too

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29
Q

infantile amnesia

A

can’t remember (lack of explicit memory) before age 3.5 about (not sure why this happens)

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30
Q

the change in opinions or behavior that occurs when we conform to people who we believe have accurate information. We base our beliefs on those presented to us by reporters, scientists, doctors, and lawyers because we believe they have more expertise in certain fields than we have

A

informational social influence

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31
Q

insecure attachment

A

infant has inconsistent caregivers, unresponsive to their needs

  • infants less likely to explore their surroundings in present of mother
  • extremely upset or indifferent when mother returns to the room
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32
Q

sudden flash of inspiration that provides a solution to a problem; the aha moment where previously learned ideas or behaviors are suddenly combined in unique ways

A

insight learning

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33
Q

behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species

A

instinct

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34
Q

operant conditioning or sometimes called instrumental conditioning

A

rewards and punishments for behaviour- an association is made between a behaviour and a consequence

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35
Q

the process by which older people may take stock of their lives and come to terms with previously unresolved conflicts

A

integrative reminiscence

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36
Q

interdependence

A

culture or society where collective good is the primary goal

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37
Q

inter-generational mobility

vs intragenerational mobility

A 
inter- between parents and kids rise or decline in social class
intra- same generation
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38
Q

where are interneurons found?

A

completely in the CNS

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39
Q

nhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

less likely to fire - makes it more negative

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40
Q

James- Lange theory

A

emotional experience is result of physiological and behavioural responses (force a smile (behavioural, physiological) might make you feel happy)

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41
Q

Cannon-bard theory

A

at the exact same time the thalamus directs sensory info to the cortex (emotion feeling) and the SNS (physiological response)

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42
Q

Schacter-singer theory

A

you have to feel aroused, analyze environment, label why you got aroused and then you will feel an emotion

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43
Q

the tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve; when bad things happen to others, it is the result of their actions or their failure to act, and when good things happen to us, it is because we deserve it

A

just world phenomenon

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44
Q
  • large and slow wave with a duration of a half-second that occurs in stage 2 sleep
  • often occur in response to environmental stimuli such as sounds in the bedroom.
A

k complex

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45
Q

k complex function

A

suppressing cortical arousal in response to stimuli that the sleeping brain evaluates not to signal danger, and second, aiding sleep-based memory consolidation.

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46
Q

Kohlberg

A

stages of moral development

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47
Q

what are the stages of moral development

A

6 stages

  • pre-conventional
  • conventional
  • post-conventional
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48
Q

pre-conventional

A

first stage - obedience and punishment stage

second stage- self-interest orientation

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49
Q

conventional

A

third stage- interpersonal accord and conformity

fourth stage- authority and social-order maintaning

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50
Q

post-conventional

A

fifth stage- social contract

sixth- universal ethical principle

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51
Q

who is expected to have conventional morality?

A

adults

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52
Q

who is expected to have preconventional morality?

A

children

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53
Q

who is expected to have postconventional morality?

A

small subset of adults

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54
Q

self interest stage

A

gaining rewards ( I want to buy Marcs plane ticket so he can come spend time with me)

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55
Q

interpersonal (relating to relationships or communication between people) accord and conformity stage

A

person seeks approval of others “good boy, good girl” praise

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56
Q

law and order stage (authority and social -order )

A

maintains social order to the highest standard - if everyone stole things, people who produce those couldn’t stay in buisness

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57
Q

stage five: social contract stage

A
  • moral rules are conventions that are used to ensure the greater good - reasoning focuses on individual rights
  • the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community.
58
Q

what moral stage does democratic government follow?

A

greatest good for the greatest number of people. This is achieved through majority decision and inevitable compromise. Democratic government is theoretically based on stage five reasoning.

59
Q

Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation

A

abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. Generally, the chosen principles are abstract rather than concrete and focus on ideas such as equality, dignity, or respect. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. People choose the ethical principles they want to follow, and if they violate those principles, they feel guilty. In this way, the individual acts because it is morally right to do so (and not because he or she wants to avoid punishment), it is in their best interest, it is expected, it is legal, or it is previously agreed

60
Q

language

A

symbolic system that is codified for communitcation

61
Q

innate feature unique to the human mind that allows people to gain mastery of language from limited exposure during sensitive developmental years in early childhood as hypothesized by Noam Chomsky

A

language acquisition device

62
Q

latency stage

A

4th freud stage- replace sexual interest with school, friends, sports

63
Q

according to Freud, the unconscious drives and wishes that are difficult to express and underly dreams (e.g. falling in a dream might have to do with feeling out of control in your life or failing at something. It might even represent giving in to sexual temptation)

A

latent content

64
Q

according to psychoanalytic theory, it is the life instinct which drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain, avoidance, and seeking pleasure

  • mostly sexual pleasure
A

libido

65
Q

asserts when the language one speaks determines their thoughts and perceptions of the world

A

linguistic relativity hypothesis

66
Q

a persistent increase in synaptic strength between two neurons that occurs following brief periods of their stimulation leads to increased sensitivity of neurons recently stimulated; believed to play a role in learning and the consolidation of memory from short-term memory to long-term memory

A

long-term potentiation

67
Q

looking-glass self

A

a person sense of self develops from impersonal (not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings) interactions with others, people shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them

68
Q

manifest and latent function

A

Manifest function refers to the intended function of social policies, processes, or actions that are consciously and deliberately designed to be beneficial in their effect on society. Meanwhile, a latent function is one that is not consciously intended, but that, nonetheless, has a beneficial effect on society.

  • newspaper was not intended for fly swatting, but some ppl use it for this and its beneficical

Contrasting with both manifest and latent functions are dysfunctions, a type of unintended outcome that is harmful in nature.

69
Q

Karl Marx

A

closely identifies with conflict theory, he argued that societies progress through class struggle between those who own and control production and those who labor and provide the manpower for production; he believed that capitalism produced internal tensions which would ultimately lead to self-destruction of capitalist societies to be replaced by socialism; he along with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber are considered the founding fathers of sociology

70
Q

master status

A

the one that dominates

71
Q

matriarchy

A

female in power (society or government)

- largest society is in Indonesia- Sumatra region- ownership of land and family name is passed from mother to daughter

72
Q

meaningful encoding principle

A

use prior knowledge in the encoding of new domain-specific information

73
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of hindbrain - controls respiratory rate, blood pressure and specialized digestive and respiratory functions - vomiting, sneezing and couching

74
Q

where’s melatonin produced

A

pineal gland

75
Q

meninges

A

protective connective tissue wrapping the CNS (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pai mater)

76
Q

a tendency to fixate on ideas and solutions that have worked in the past even if they may not have applied to the current situation

A

mental set

77
Q

mental set

A

unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a similar way

A mental set is a framework for thinking about a problem. It can be shaped by habit or by desire. Mental sets can make it easy to solve a class of problem, but attachment to the wrong mental set can inhibit problem-solving and creativity.

78
Q

functional fixedness vs mental set

A

functional fixedness: When the intended purpose of an object hinders a person’s ability to see its potential other uses.

mental set: An unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a particular way. Problem: The difference between the current situation and a goal.

79
Q

mere-exposure effect

A

the phenomenon where people develop a preference for things because they have been exposed to them sometimes repeatedly; e.g. listening to a song sounds better the second time; also called familiarity principle

80
Q

liking a song more after listening to it multiple times is caused by?

A

mere-exposure effect

81
Q

meritocracy

A

merit= the quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially so as to deserve praise or reward.

meritocracy - idealized society where ppl are judged based on their merit

82
Q

method of loci

A

memory device- remembering things with a visual aid of going through a familiar place (like your house) and associating these places with topic to be remembered

83
Q

the portion of the brain responsible for visual and auditory startle reflexes

A

midbrain

84
Q

the pressure to conform within a group causes individuals to censor their own opinions in favor of consensus which creates an illusion of unanimity

A

mindgaurding

85
Q

not speaking your mind in a group bc the group has different opinions so you censor and play down your opinion in order to conform

A

mindgaurding

86
Q

mood-dependent memory

A

when a person is learning something and in a odd, then that info is more easily remembered when that person is again in that mood

87
Q

multipolar neuron

A

dingle axon and multiple dendrites- the most common neuron in the NS

88
Q

myelin

A

insulating layer of membranes wrapped around the axons of almost all neurons in the body - essentially the plasma membranes of specialized cells

89
Q

myelin in PNS

A

Schwann cells

90
Q

myelin in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

91
Q

Shwann cells vs Oligodendrites

A

Schwann are myelinated cells in PNS, oligodendrocytes are myelinated cells in the CNS

92
Q

negative punishment

A 
punishment= trying to get rid of behaviour 
negative= taking away
  • taking away bike when kid is bad as a punishment
93
Q

negative reinforcement

A 
reinforcement= try to increase behaviour
negative= taking away
  • taking away a negative thing following a behaviour- to increase frequency of behaviour
  • turning alarm clock off, removing hand from burner
94
Q

a school of psychology based on the general principles of behaviorism but broader and more flexible in concept. It stresses experimental research and laboratory analyses in the study of overt behavior and in various subjective phenomena that cannot be directly observed and measured, such as fantasies, love, stress, empathy, trust, and personality; psychologists belonging to this school believe that behavior can be modified by rewards or punishments

A

neo-behaviourlism

95
Q

night terrors vs nightmares

A

night terror- in stage 3 sleep, usually won’t remember in the morning, sit up, talk and walk

96
Q

non associative learning

A

-occurs in response to a single stimulus, without reinforcement
-a change in behavioural response to a novel stimuli after repeated continuous exposure to that stimuli –> examples are sensitization and habituation
- not pairing a stimuli with a behaviour
- habituation= repeated exposure decreased response
sensitization= the opposite, each time you response to it is increased as it goes on and on ( sister poking you over and over again), results in progressive amplification of the reaction to stimulus

97
Q

sensitization

A

organism is becoming more and more sensitive to the stems as time passes - getting more and more triggered

98
Q

when the motivation for compliance is a desire for the approval of others and to avoid rejection

A

normative social influence

99
Q

structure located in the brainstem and part of the dopaminergic reward pathway; releases dopamine in response to many drugs contributing to addictive behavior

A

nucleus accumbens

100
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

structure located in the brainstem and part of the dopaminergic reward pathway; releases dopamine in response to many drugs contributing to addictive behaviour

101
Q

a psychological disorder characterized by accumulation of money or worthless objects

A

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

(different from OCD) so be careful with reading the questions

102
Q

this complex occurs during the phallic stage (the third of Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages) when a male child is sexually attracted to his mother and hostile towards his father who is seen as a rival.

A

Oedipus complex

103
Q

a form of associate learning based on consequences, in which rewards increase the frequency of behaviors associated with them and punishments decrease their frequency

A

operant conditioning

104
Q

the blind spot of the eye

A

optic disk (no photoreceptors here)

105
Q

substantia nigra

A
  • in brainstem
  • gets its dark colour from dopamine neurone- express dark pigment
  • parts of basal ganglia
  • part of nigrostriatal pathway which has huge role in movement and dopamine expression (Parkinson’s disease- death of dopamine neurons in the substantial nigra)
  • one of main function is movement
106
Q

parkinsons disease

A

death of dopamine neurons in the substantial nigra

107
Q

optomism bias

A

bad things happen to others but not us

108
Q

the first of Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages; in this stage, the child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing

A

oral stage

109
Q

Freuds 5 psychosexual stages

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phalic
  4. latency
  5. genital
110
Q

what’s the Organ of Corti made up of?

A

basilar membrane, auditory hair cells, tectorial membrane

111
Q

where’s organ of corti found?

A

cochlea

112
Q

the loss of memory due to biological factors such as brain disorders, tumors, strokes, degenerative diseases, or any other of a multitude of other disruptions of neurological function

A

organic amnesia

113
Q

ossicles

A

3 small bones in middle ear (malleus, incus and stapes)

114
Q

function of the ossicles

A

to amplify sound waves and pass it to the oval window of the cochlea

115
Q

an individual avoiding an apparently risky financial situation (or avoiding negative financial information) by pretending it does not exist; not a social effect

A

ostrich effect

116
Q

tympanic membrane

A

also called the eardrum

- thin layer of tissue that receives sound vibrations from outer ear and transmits them to the middle ear

117
Q

oval window

A

separating middle and inner ear

118
Q

a system whereby many aspects of a stimulus are processes simultaneously instead of in a step-by-step or serial fashion. e.g. visual processing in the brain

A

parallel processing

119
Q

a psychological disorder characterized by mistrust and misinterpretation of others motives and actions and suspicion of harm/betrayal

A

paranoid personality disorder (cluster A - odd and eccentric)

120
Q

parasomnia

A

odd behaviour during sleep usually in stage 3 (night terrors or somnambulism)

121
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

PTH –> to increase Ca2+ levels- targets bone, kidneys and small intestine

122
Q

calcitonin

A

to decrease Ca2+ levels

123
Q

patriarchy vs matriarchy

A

social systems where either males or females are the primary authority figures

124
Q

cognitive route of persuasion that involves more superficial or secondary characteristics of an argument or an orator

A

peripheral route processing

125
Q

person-situation controversy

A

is the persons reaction due to their trait or the situation (state)

126
Q

part of Alan Baddely’s model of working memory that allows for the repetition of verbal information to aid with encoding it into memory

A

phonological loop

127
Q

Piaget stages

A
  1. sensorimotor (main achievement is object permanence)
  2. pre-operational (symbolic thought- word stand for object)
  3. concrete operational (operational thought- can work things out in their head instead of try everything out physically- conservation water glass)
  4. formal operational (abstract concepts)
128
Q

positive reinforcement

A

reinforcement= increase behaviour
positive- add stimuli

  • reward with candy after something desirable
129
Q

when old information facilitates the learning of new information

A

positive transfer

130
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

in autonomic PNS, neurons whose body is where pre-ganglionic neuron synapese with it and axon (axons leave) synapses with target organ

  • from ganglion to target organ
  • responsible for changes in the target organ vis NT release or biochem modifications
131
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

in autonomic PNS, neurons whose body is where pre-ganglionic neuron synapese with it and axon (axons leave) synapses with target organ

  • from ganglion to target organ
  • responsible for changes in the target organ vis NT release or biochem modifications
132
Q

anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain involved in complex behaviors such as planning, sequencing, social responses, and decision-making; directs behavioral aspects of emotion, including approach and avoidance behaviors; damage to this are may lead to inappropriate social behavior, impulsivity, and trouble with initiation

A

prefrontal cortex

133
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

in autonomic PNS, neurons that have a cell body in the CNS and whose axons extend into the PNS to synapse at an autonomic ganglion

134
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

Autonomic ganglia are clusters of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites. They are essentially a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery.

135
Q

assimilation

A

using existing schema to deal with a new object or concept

136
Q

accomadation

A

when existing schema does not work, needs to be adjusted to deal with new object or situation

137
Q

a tendency to better recall the first items on a list

A

primacy effect

138
Q

unconditional consequences that are innately satisfying of desirable; maybe biologically driven

A

primary reinforcers

139
Q

a type of memory interference that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of information learned more recently

A

proactive interference

(old interfering with new)

(Abby for Hanchi)

140
Q

proactive interference
a type of memory interference that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of information learned more recently
procedural bias
bias related to how information is obtained and may occur when researchers put some sort of pressure on subjects to provide responses. By offering monetary compensation of any amount to subjects, researchers used incentive to obtain results, leading to this phenomenon

A

procedural bias

MCAT PSYC (11 decks)

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