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sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what are sensations?

A

raw info taken in by sense, affects behaviour and mental processes

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2
Q

what is the process of sensation?

A
  • accessory structure modifies energy
  • receptor tranduces energy
  • sensory nerves bring encoded info to CNS
  • initial processing in thalamus
  • processing in cerebral cortex
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3
Q

what does sensation in the cerebral cortex produce?

A

perception

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4
Q

what sensation is not initially processed in the thalamus

A

smell

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5
Q

what are the types of codes?

A

temporal and spatial

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6
Q

what is a temporal code?

A

timing of impulse

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7
Q

what is a spatial code?

A

location of firing neurones

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8
Q

what is psychophysics?

A

relationship of the physical energy in the enviro and the psychological experience

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9
Q

what is the absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time

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10
Q

what is sensitivity in relation to signal detection?

A

intensity of signal, capacity of sensory systems and is affected by noise level

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11
Q

what is response criterion in relation to signal detection?

A

willingness to respond to a stimulus

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12
Q

what are some characteristics of waveforms?

A
  • amplitude
  • wavelength
  • frequency
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13
Q

what is the amp of a waveform?

A

height from baseline to peak

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14
Q

what is the wavelength of a waveform?

A

distance from peak to peak

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15
Q

what is the frequency of a waveform?

A

cycles/second (Hz)

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16
Q

what are the psychological dimensions of sound (experience)?

A
  • loudness
  • pitch
  • timbre
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17
Q

what is loudness in relation to dimensions of sound?

A

amp, measured in dB

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18
Q

what is pitch in relation to dimensions of sound?

A

frequency, higher or lower tone

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19
Q

what is timbre in relation to dimensions of sound?

A

wave patterns added to lowest frequency, depends on specialised neurons

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20
Q

what are the main structures of the ear?

A
  • outer ear
  • middle ear
  • inner ear
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21
Q

what structures are part of the outer ear?

A
  • pinna, collects and shapes sound

- ear canal

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22
Q

what structures are part of the middle ear?

A
  • tympanic membrane

- ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

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23
Q

what structures are part of the inner ear?

A
  • cochlea
  • basilar membrane
  • organ of corti
  • hair cells
  • acoustic nerve
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24
Q

what are the types of deafness?

A
  • conductive deafness

- nerve deafness

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25
Q

what does conductive deafness prevent?

A

prevents accurate conduction of vibrations due to fusion of ossicles

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26
Q

what does nerve deafness result from?

A

damages to acoustic nerve, hair cells

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27
Q

what are the two ways frequency can be coded?

A
  • place theory

- frequency matching (volley) theory

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28
Q

what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible light?

A

400 to 750 nm

29
Q

what are the cells found in the retina?

A
  • photoreceptors
  • ganglion cells
  • interneurons
30
Q

what is hue?

A

colour

31
Q

what is colour saturation?

A

purity

32
Q

what is brightness in relation to colour?

A

intensity

33
Q

what is visual transduction?

A

converts light energy into neural activity

34
Q

what is the trichromatic theory of colour vision?

A

you can produce any colour by mixing pure lights of blue (440nm), green (510nm) and red (700nm)

35
Q

what are the three types of cones?

A
  • short wavelength
  • medium wavelength
  • long wavelength
36
Q

what colour are short wavelengths most sensitive to?

A

blue

37
Q

what colour are medium wavelengths most sensitive to?

A

green

38
Q

what colour are long wavelengths most sensitive to?

A

reddish-yellow

39
Q

does trichromatic theory of colour vision explain afterimages?

A

no

40
Q

does the Opponent-Process theory of colour vision explain afterimages?

A

yes

41
Q

what is an afterimage?

A

an image that continues to appear in the eyes after a period of exposure to the original image

42
Q

why does an afterimage appear?

A

because photochemical activity in the retina continues even when the eyes are no longer experiencing the original stimulus

43
Q

what are colour-sensitive visual elements grouped into pairs of?

A

red/green, blue/yellow, black/white

44
Q

what is the kinaesthetic sense?

A

tells the brain where parts of the body are

45
Q

what is the intensity of the stimulus encoded by?

A
  • firing rate of individual neurons

- number of neurons stimulated

46
Q

what happens according to the gate control theory?

A

pain is a function of the balance between info travelling into spinal cord through large and small nerve fibres, the gate is closed and there is no pain

47
Q

what are the two types of nerve fibres that carry pain signals from skin to spinal cord?

A
  • A-delta fibers

- C fibres

48
Q

what are the three approaches to perception?

A
  • computational model
  • constructivist approach
  • ecological approach
49
Q

what is the computational model of perception?

A

what steps a computer takes to solve perceptual problems

50
Q

what is the constructivist approach to perception?

A

we create representations from bits of info and our experiences

51
Q

what is the ecological approach to perception?

A

how info helps us adapt to and use the enviro

52
Q

what are gestalt principles of grouping of perceptual organisation?

A
  • proximity
  • similarity
  • continuity
  • closure
  • texture
  • simplicity
  • common fate
53
Q

what are Palmer’s additional grouping principles of perceptual organisation?

A
  • common reign
  • connectedness
  • synchrony
54
Q

what is stroboscopic illusion based on principles of?

A

likelihood and simplicity

55
Q

what is size constancy?

A

changes in size of a retinal image interpreted as changes in distance, not change in actual size

56
Q

what is shape constancy?

A

the perceived shape of an object remains the same even when seen at different angles

57
Q

when does shape constancy break down?

A

at extreme angles

58
Q

what is bottom-up processing?

A

basic feature analysis

59
Q

what is top-down processing?

A
  • schemas and perceptual sets
  • impact of context
  • impact of motivation
60
Q

what is a schema?

A

a cognitive structure that serves as the framework of one’s knowledge about people, places, objects and events

61
Q

what is a pareidolia?

A

a psychological phenomenon that causes people to see patterns in a random stimulus

62
Q

what is pareidolia driven by?

A

top-down processing

63
Q

what is the object superiority effect?

A

patterns are more likely to be detected in three-dimensional objects, rather than random patterns of lines

64
Q

what is the word superiority effect?

A

words are easier to detect than non-words in strings of random letters

65
Q

what is overt orienting?

A

looking directly at someone when talking to them

66
Q

what is covert orienting?

A

listening to another conversation while seeming to listen to something else

67
Q

is voluntary attention control a top-down or bottom-up process?

A

top-down processing

68
Q

is involuntary attention control a top-down or bottom-up process?

A

bottom-up processing

69
Q

what does parallel-processing describe?

A

ability to search for targets rapidly and automatically

psychology (8 decks)

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