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memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is retrieval of memory?

A

the process of recalling info stored in memory and bring it back into consciousness

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2
Q

what is recall in memory?

A

you have to retrieve info from memory without much help

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3
Q

when is recall memory required?

A

during essay style questions

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4
Q

when is recognition memory required?

A

multiple choice questions

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5
Q

is recognition or recall memory harder?

A

recall

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6
Q

what is recognition in memory?

A

retrieval is aided by clues, tends to be easier

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7
Q

what is storage for memory?

A

the process of maintaining info in memory over time

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8
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

memory of an event that happened while one was present

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9
Q

what was procedural memory?

A

contains memory of how to do things

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10
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

a type of memory containing generalised knowledge of the world, doesn’t involve memory of a specific event

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11
Q

what is visual memory?

A

the mental representation of info as images, such as image of your friend’s face

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12
Q

what is auditory/acoustic memory?

A

mental representation of info as a sequence of sound

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13
Q

what is encoding?

A

the process of acquiring info and entering it into memory

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14
Q

what are the types of memory codes?

A
  • acoustic
  • visual
  • semantic
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15
Q

what are the types of long-term memory?

A
  • episodic
  • procedural
  • semantic
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16
Q

what are types of retrieval tests?

A
  • recall

- recognition

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17
Q

what is explicit memory?

A

the process of intentional and conscious trying to remember something such as the correct answers to exam

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18
Q

what is implicit memory?

A

the unintentional recollection and influence of prior experiences

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19
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal?

A

repeating info over and over to keep it active in short-term memory, is an effective way to remember temporarily

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20
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal?

A

a memorisation method that involves thinking about how info relates to already stored info in long-term memory

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21
Q

what does the levels-of-processing model of memory suggest?

A

that what you remember depends the extent to which you encode and process info when first encountered. Depends on the degree info is mentally processed

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22
Q

what is transfer-appropriate processing in memory?

A

a model that suggests that a critical determinant of memory is how well that retrieval process matches the original encoding process

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23
Q

what is the parallel distributed processing in memory?

A

theoretical model of object recognition in which various elements are thought to be simultaneously analysed by widely distributed neural units in brain

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24
Q

what does the parallel distributed processing model suggest?

A

new experiences do more than provide facts that are stored and retrieved. facts are also combined with what you already know

25
Q

what is the multiple memory systems model of memory?

A

the notion that there are seperate but interacting memory systems each with a different function

26
Q

what is the information-processing model of memory?

A

info is seen as passing through three stages of mental processing

27
Q

what are the three stages of mental processing of the information-processing model?

A
  • sensory memory
  • short-term memory
  • long-term memory
28
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

a type of memory that holds large amounts of incoming info very briefly, but long enough to connect one impression to another

29
Q

what is iconic memory?

A

the sensory register for visual info

30
Q

what does selective attention in sensory memory control?

A

what info is processed further, perceptual systems capture the fleeting impressions of sensory memory and transfer that to short-term memory

31
Q

what is short-term memory?

A

the maintenance of a component of working memory, which holds unrehearsed info for a limited time

32
Q

how long is short-term memory able to hold info?

A

up to 18secs

33
Q

what is working memory?

A

the part of the memory system that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate info being held in short-term

34
Q

what is maintenance in the working memory?

A

holding info in short-term memory

35
Q

what is manipulation in the working memory?

A

working on info held in short-term

36
Q

what is encoding in the short-term memory?

A

encoding info in the short-term memories much more elaborate and varied than the sensory registers

37
Q

what is acoustic encoding in short-term memory?

A

(by sound) seems to dominate, mistakes tend to arise involving substitution of similar sounds

38
Q

does visual encoding fade quicker than acoustic?

A

yes

39
Q

what is the immediate memory span of the short-term memory?

A

the max number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation

40
Q

what is chunking in short-term memory?

A

organising individual stimuli so that they will be perceived as larger units of meaningful info

41
Q

what is the brown-peterson distractor technique?

A

a method for determining how long unrehearsed info remains in short-term memory

42
Q

what is long-term memory?

A

the part that encodes and stores memories that can last a lifetime

43
Q

what is putting info into long-term memory often the result of?

A

the more conscious process called semantic encoding

44
Q

what is the primary effect of recall in memory?

A

characteristic of memory in which recall of the first two or three items in a list is particularly good

45
Q

what is the regency effect of recall in memory?

A

characteristic of memory in which recall of the last few items in a list is particularly good

46
Q

what are retrieval cues?

A

a stimulus that aids the recall or recognition of info stored in memory

47
Q

what is the encoding specificity principle?

A

a principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on the degree to which it taps into info that was encoded at the time of original learning

48
Q

what is context-specific memory?

A

memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between context which is learned and which is recalled

49
Q

what is state-dependent memory?

A

memory that is aided or impeded by a person’s internal state

50
Q

what is spreading activation in memory?

A

a principle that explains how info is retrieved in a semantic network theory of memory

51
Q

what are some retrievals of incomplete knowledge?

A
  • tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

- feeling-of-knowing experience

52
Q

what is the decay theory?

A

a description of forgetting as a gradual disappearance of info from memory

53
Q

what seems to play the main role in forgetting in the short-term?

A

decay theory

54
Q

what is interference in memory?

A

the process through which either the storage or the retrieval of info is impaired by the presence of other info

55
Q

what is more tied to forgetting in the long-term?

A

interference

56
Q

what is retroactive inhibition in memory?

A

a cause of forgetting in which new info placed in memory interferes with the ability to recall info already in memory

57
Q

what is proactive inhibition?

A

a cause of forgetting in which info already in the long-term memory interferes with the ability to remember new info

58
Q

what can damage to the hippocampus result in?

A
  • anterograde amnesia

- retrograde amnesia

psychology (8 decks)

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