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personality Flashcards

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1
Q

what is personality?

A

the pattern of psychological and behavioural characteristics by which each person can be compared

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2
Q

what are the different approaches to personality?

A
  • psychodynamic
  • trait approach
  • social-cognitive
  • humanistic
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3
Q

who developed the psychodynamic approach to personality?

A

Sigmund Freud

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4
Q

what is the psychodynamic approach to personality?

A

a view that emphasises the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings and behaviour

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5
Q

what did freud believe that our personality was mainly determined by?

A

basic drives and past psychological events

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6
Q

did freud propose actions were controlled by the conscious or unconscious?

A

unconscious

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7
Q

what is the id in the psychodynamic approach?

A

the unconscious portion of personality that contains basic impulses and urges

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8
Q

what did Freud regard as the unconscious portion of personality?

A

the id

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9
Q

what is the libido in regards to the psychodynamic approach to personality?

A

the psychic energy contained in the id

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10
Q

what does the id of the psychodynamic approach operate on?

A

pleasure principles

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11
Q

what are pleasure principles in the psychodynamic approach?

A

the id’s operating principle, guides people towards what feels good

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12
Q

what is the ego in the psychodynamic approach?

A

the part of personality that mediates conflicts between and among demands of id, the superego and the real world

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13
Q

what is the reality principle of the psychodynamic approach?

A

the operating principle of the ego that creates compromises between the id’s demands and those of the real world

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14
Q

what is the superego in regards to the psychodynamic approach?

A

tells people what they should and shouldn’t do, moral guide

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15
Q

what part of the psychodynamic approach acts as the moral guide?

A

superego

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16
Q

what is the ego’s primary functions in the psychodynamic approach?

A

prevent anxiety or guilt

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17
Q

what are defence mechanisms used by the ego in the psychodynamic approach?

A

unconscious tactics that protect against anxiety and guilt

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18
Q

how do defence mechanisms of psychodynamic approach protect against anxiety and guilt?

A

either preventing threatening material from surfacing or disguising it when it appears

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19
Q

what are some different types of defence mechanisms?

A
  • repression
  • rationalisation
  • projection
  • denial etc.
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20
Q

what is repression as a defence mechanism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges or ideas from conscious awareness

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21
Q

what is rationalisation as a defence mechanism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable

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22
Q

what is projection as a defence mechanism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

unconsciously attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person

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23
Q

what is denial as a defence mechanism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses

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24
Q

what is reaction formation as a defence mechanism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them

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25
Q

what is sublimation as a defence mechanism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions and perhaps expressing them symbolically

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26
Q

what is displacement as a defence mechanism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

deflecting an impulse from its original target to a less threatening impulse

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27
Q

what is compensation as a defence mechanism in the psychodynamic approach?

A

striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears

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28
Q

what are Freud’s stages in personality development in the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • oral
  • anal
  • phallic
  • latency
  • genital
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29
Q

what is the oral stage of personality development?

A

first stage in which the mouth is the centre of pleasure and conflict

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30
Q

when does the oral stage of personality occur?

A

first year of life-2

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31
Q

when does the anal stage of personality occur?

A

2-3 years

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32
Q

when does the phallic stage of personality occur?

A

3-5 years

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33
Q

when does the latency stage of personality occur?

A

lasts through childhood (5-adolescence)

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34
Q

when does the genital stage of personality occur?

A

rest of person’s life

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35
Q

what is the anal stage of personality development?

A

focus of pleasure and conflict shifts to anus

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36
Q

what is the phallic stage of personality development?

A

focus shifts to genital area

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37
Q

what is the latency stage of personality development?

A

sexual impulses lay dormant as the child focuses on other things such as education

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38
Q

what is the genital stage of personality development?

A

begins during adolescents, when sexual impulses appear at a conscious level

39
Q

did Jung’s analytical psychology of personality idenitify specific stages or gradual development?

A

gradual

40
Q

what did Carl Jung emphasise in his analytical psychology variation of Freud’s personality theory?

A

libido was not just a sexual instinct but rather more general life force focused toward creativity etc.

41
Q

what did Carl Jung claim in his analytical psychology variation of Freud’s personality theory?

A

there is a collective unconscious which contains the memories we have inherited from our human and non-human ancestors

42
Q

what did Alfred Adler come to believe about the power behind the development of personality?

A

doesn’t come from id impulses but from desire to overcome infantile feelings of helplessness

43
Q

what did Erik Erikson, Erich Fromm andHarry Stack Sullivan focus on for personality?

A

personalities are shaped by those around them, once biological needs are met we attempt to meet social needs as primary influence

44
Q

what do contemporary psychodynamic theories focus on?

A

object relations, how people perceive themselves and others other influence views of world

45
Q

what is early attachment associated with in personality?

A

differences with self image, identity, security and social relationships

46
Q

what are the criticisms of the psychodynamic approach to personality?

A
  • involved few individuals
  • may not apply to people in general
  • were upper-class Viennese women who had psychological problems and were raised in culture were sex discussions was uncivilised
  • European and north American values
47
Q

what is the trait approach to personality?

A

the view that personality is a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations

48
Q

what three basic assumptions about personality traits does the trait approach make?

A
  • relatively stable and predictable
  • relatively stable across situations
  • people differ in how much of a trait they possess
49
Q

what are the four humour-based personalities of the trait approach?

A
  • sanguine
  • phlegmatic
  • melancholic
  • choleric
50
Q

what is a sanguine personality?

A

optimistic

51
Q

what is a phlegmatic personality?

A

slow, lethargic

52
Q

what is a melancholic personality?

A

sad, depressive

53
Q

what is a choleric personality?

A

angry, irritable

54
Q

what is the difference between traits and types?

A

traits involve quantitative differences between people whereas type involves qualitative

55
Q

what is the five-factor personality model?

A

a view based on factor-analytic studies suggesting the existence of five basic components of human personality

56
Q

what are the five components of the Big Five Model of personality?

A

(OCEAN)

  • openness
  • conscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
57
Q

What did Hans Eysenck suggest were the two main dimensions of traits?

A

extraversion-introversion and emotionality-stability

58
Q

where do differences in introversion-extraversion and emotionality-stability originate according to Gray?

A

brain regions containing systems that influence how sensitive people are to different kinds of events

59
Q

what are the two systems apart of Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory?

A
  • behavioural approach system

- flight-or-freeze system

60
Q

what is the behavioural approach system as a part of gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory?

A

BAS affects people’s sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek those rewards

61
Q

why is the behavioural approach system referred to as the ‘go’ system?

A

because it is responsible for how impulsive or inhibited a person is

62
Q

what is the flight-or-freeze system as a part of gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory?

A

affects how sensitive people are to potential punishment and the motivation to avoid being punished

63
Q

why is the flight-or-freeze system referred to as the ‘stop’ system?

A

responsible for how fearful or inhibited a person is

64
Q

what are some criticisms of the trait approach to personality?

A
  • perhaps more than five dimensions
  • may not hold across all cultures
  • situational variables also affect personality
65
Q

what is the social-cognitive approach to personality?

A

the view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behaviour

66
Q

what is functional analysis?

A

analysing behaviour by studying what responses occur under what conditions of operant reward and punishment

67
Q

what did Julian Rotter argue?

A

that learning creates cognitions, known as expectancies that guide behaviour

68
Q

what is Rotter’s Expectancy Theory?

A

a person’s decision to engage in a behaviour is determined by what they expect to happen and the value they place on the outcome

69
Q

what do internals as apart of Rotter’s expectancy theory expect?

A

to control events

70
Q

what do externals as apart of Rotter’s expectancy theory expect?

A

controlled by outside forces

71
Q

what does Albert Bandura regard personality as in his reciprocal determinism social-cognitive approach?

A

personality is shaped by the ways in which thoughts, behaviours and the enviro are influenced by each other

72
Q

what is self-efficacy according to Bandura and reciprocal determinism?

A

learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations

73
Q

what did Mischel argue in his cognitive-affective theory of personality?

A

that learned beliefs, feelings and expectancies characterise each individual and make them different

74
Q

in mischel’s cognitive-affective theory what are the most important cognitive person variables?

A
  • encodings
  • expectancies
  • affects
  • goals and values
  • competencies and self-regulatory plans
75
Q

what are conclusions drawn about personal disposition in Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism?

A
  • influence behaviour in relevant situations
  • can lead to behaviours that alter situations of promote other behaviour
  • choose situations based of it
  • are more important in some situations
76
Q

what are some criticisms of the social-cognitive approach to personality?

A
  • no role for unconscious thought
  • no explanations for why specific situations bring out certain behaviour
  • not a general theory of behaviour
77
Q

what is the humanistic approach to personality?

A

the view that personality develops through an actualising tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person’s unique perceptions of the world

78
Q

what does the humanistic approach to personality focus on?

A

mental capabilities

79
Q

what are the mental capabilities that the humanistic approach to personality focuses on?

A
  • self-awareness
  • creativity
  • planning
  • decision making
  • responsibility
80
Q

what does the humanistic approach to personality emphasise?

A

looking at people’s perceptions and is called the phenomenological approach

81
Q

what are some prominent humanistic theories of personality?

A
  • roger’s self theory

- maslow’s growth theory

82
Q

what does Roger’s self theory emphasise as a humanistic approach?

A

innate inclination towards growth and fulfilment that motivates behaviour

83
Q

what did Rogers in his self theory consider personality to be shaped by?

A
  • actualising tendencies
  • positive regard
  • conditions of worth
84
Q

what did maslow believe as part of his growth theory as a humanistic approach?

A

self-actualisation is not just a human capacity but a need

85
Q

what are the two types of motivation apart of maslow’s growth theory?

A

deficiency and growth motivation

86
Q

what is deficiency motivation as a part of the maslow’s growth theory?

A

the preoccupation with perceived needs for material things, especially what they do not have

87
Q

what is growth motivation as a part of the maslow’s growth theory?

A

people do not focus on what is missing but draw satisfaction from what they have, are and what they can do

88
Q

what are some criticisms of the humanistic approach to personality?

A
  • naive and unrealistic
  • too simple
  • too vague
89
Q

what are personality tests traditionally classified as?

A

projective or non-projective measures

90
Q

what are projective personality measures?

A

assessments made up of ambiguous stimuli that can be perceived and responded to in many different ways

91
Q

are projective tests less reliable and valid than non-projective for personality?

A

yes they are less reliable and valid

92
Q

what are non-projective personality measures?

A

contains direct, unambiguous items relating to the personality of the individual being assessed

93
Q

what are non-projective personality measures also known as?

A

objective personality measures

psychology (8 decks)

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