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psychology > cognition and language > Flashcards

cognition and language Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the information-processing system?

A

mechanisms for receiving info representing it with symbols, and manipulating it

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2
Q

what is thinking?

A

the manipulation of mental representations

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3
Q

what is reaction time?

A

the time between the presentation of a stimulus and an overt response to it

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4
Q

what are influences on reaction time?

A
  • expectancy
  • complexity
  • stimulus-response compatibility
  • speed-accuracy trade-off
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5
Q

what is evoked potentials?

A

a small, temporary change in elctrocephalogram (EEG) voltage in the brain that is. caused by some stimulus

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6
Q

what is mental chronometry?

A

in a typical reaction-time experiment, a person is asked to say a word or push a button as rapidly as possible after a stimulus appears

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7
Q

what is the circle of thought?

A
  • describe incoming info
  • elaborate on it
  • decide what to do
  • plan how to do it
  • act on plan
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8
Q

what is the influence of expectancy on reaction time?

A

people respond faster to stimuli they are expecting

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9
Q

what is the influence of complexity on reaction time?

A

the more options the longer the reaction time

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10
Q

what is the influence of stimulus-response compatibility on reaction time?

A

if the relationship between a set of stimulus and possible responses is a natural or compatible one, reaction time increases

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11
Q

what is the influence of speed-accuracy trade-off on reaction time?

A

if you attempt to respond quickly, errors increase and if you try for an error-free performance reaction time increases

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12
Q

what are the three concepts of mental representation?

A
  • formal concepts
  • natural concepts
  • prototypes
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13
Q

what do propositions of mental representations express?

A

relationships between

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14
Q

how do scripts represent information mentally?

A

schemas about familiar activities

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15
Q

how do mental models represent information mentally?

A
  • representations of situations or

- objects that guide our interaction with them

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16
Q

how do images and cognitive maps represent information mentally?

A
  • mental representations of visual info

- images may be manipulated

17
Q

what is belief bias as a common pitfall in reasoning?

A

the impact of our beliefs on our conclusions

18
Q

what are common pitfalls in reasoning?

A
  • belief bias
  • errors in logical reasoning
  • confirmations bias
  • limits on working memory
19
Q

what is confirmation bias as a common pitfall in reasoning?

A

seeking only evidence supporting our beliefs

20
Q

what are some obstacles of problem solving

A
  • ignoring negative evidence
  • confirmation bias
  • multiple hypothesis
  • mental sets
  • functional fixedness
21
Q

what is incubation as a problem solving strategy?

A

stop trying to solve a problem directly

22
Q

what is means-end analysis as a problem solving strategy?

A

break problem down and tackle each part in turn

23
Q

what is working backwards as a problem solving strategy?

A

start with your goal in mind, keep stepping back until you get to a start point

24
Q

what is analogies as a problem solving strategy?

A

if problem is similar to one solved before, use similar solution

25
Q

what is multiple hypothesis as an obstacle to problem solving?

A
  • we consider only a few possibilities at a time

- availability vs representativeness heuristic

26
Q

what is mental sets as an obstacle to problem solving?

A

-sticking with a solution that has worked in other events

27
Q

what are mental sets as an obstacle to problem solving based on?

A

anchoring heuristic

28
Q

what is functional fixedness as an obstacle to problem solving?

A

-a tendency to use objects only in a familiar way

29
Q

what are functional fixedness as an obstacle to problem solving based on?

A

anchoring heuristic

30
Q

how can heuristics be problematic?

A
  • anchoring
  • representativeness
  • availability

psychology (8 decks)

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