learning

Question 1

what is learning?

Answer 1

adapting to new enviros and circumstances, is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience

Question 2

what does learning result from?

Answer 2

the influence of one particular stimulus

Question 3

what is solomon’s opponent theory of learning?

Answer 3

new stimuli disrupt equilibrium, opposite process restores homeostasis

Question 4

what is the process of habituation in learning?

Answer 4

adapting to stimuli that do not change

Question 5

what is dishabituation?

Answer 5

the reappearance of original response when stimulus changes

Question 6

what does sensitisation lead to?

Answer 6

exaggerated responses to unexpected events

Question 7

what is stimulus generalisation in learning?

Answer 7

a phenomenon in which conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that is similar but not identical to conditioned stimulus

Question 8

what is the adaptive advantage of stimulus generalisation?

Answer 8

avoid things similar to known dangers

Question 9

what is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 9

a process through which individuals differentiate among similar stimulus

Question 10

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 10

a procedure in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex until the neutral stimulus alone elicits a similar response

Question 11

what is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 11

a stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning

Question 12

what is an unconditioned response?

Answer 12

the automatic reaction to a stimulus

Question 13

what is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 13

the originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit conditioned response

Question 14

what is the conditioned response?

Answer 14

the response that the conditioned stimulus elicits

Question 15

what are the different conditioned responses over time?

Answer 15

• extinction
• reconditioning
• spontaneous recovery

Question 16

what is the conditioned response over time of extinction?

Answer 16

the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

what is the conditioned response over time of reconditioning?

Answer 17

the quick relearning of a conditioned response following extinction

Question 18

what is the conditioned response over time of spontaneous recovery?

Answer 18

the reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Question 19

what are factors that influence the learning of conditioned responses?

Answer 19

• timing
• attention
• predictability
• bioprepardness
• intensity of signal
• higher-order conditioning

Question 20

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 20

a process through which an organism learns to respond to the enviro in a way the produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones

Question 21

what is operant?

Answer 21

a response that has some effect on the world

Question 22

what is a reinforcer?

Answer 22

a stimulus that increases the probability that the response immediately following will occur again

Question 23

what is a positive reinforcement?

Answer 23

stimuli that strengthens a response if they follow that response

Question 24

what is a negative reinforcement?

Answer 24

unpleasant stimuli, such as pain, that strengthens a response if they are removed following that response

Question 25

what is reinforcement?

Answer 25

the process through which the probability of a behaviour is increased?

Question 26

what is escape and avoidance conditioning?

Answer 26

the effects of negative reinforcement can be seen in escape and avoidance conditioning

Question 27

what is avoidance conditioning?

Answer 27

a type of learning in which an organism responds to a signal in a way that prevents exposure to an aversive stimulus

Question 28

what is escape conditioning?

Answer 28

type of learning in which an organism learns to make a particular response in order to terminate an aversive stimulus

Question 29

what is discriminative conditioned stimuli?

Answer 29

stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made, indicate conditions for reinforcement

Question 30

what is generalisation?

Answer 30

reacting to similar stimuli

Question 31

what are primary reinforcers?

Answer 31

• food

- water

Question 32

what are secondary reinforcers?

Answer 32

• money

- praise

Question 33

what are some drawbacks of punishment?

Answer 33

• doesn’t erase undesired habit
• ineffective unless given immediately after and each time behaviour occurs
• may generate aggression

Question 34

what are some guidelines for effective punishment?

Answer 34

• specify why punishment is being given
• identify and reinforce appropriate responses
• should be immediate and noticeable

Question 35

what is latent learning?

Answer 35

learning that is not demonstrated at time it occurs

Question 36

what do we all form cognitive maps of?

Answer 36

our homes, neighbourhoods and other places we spend lots of time in

Question 37

what is insight in learning?

Answer 37

a sudden understanding about what is required to solve a problem

Question 38

what is observational learning?

Answer 38

learning by imitation and watching

Question 39

what is vicarious experience?

Answer 39

conditions that allow us to learn by watching what happens to others

Question 40

what is learning affected by?

Answer 40

• nature of stimuli
• expectations about stimuli
• meaning attached to events