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AP Psych > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of how physical energy relates to psychological experience

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2
Q

sensation

A

detection of physical energy and encoding it as neural signs

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3
Q

perception

A

interpretation of senses

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4
Q

bottom up processes

A

perception of sensory level to brain

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5
Q

top down processes

A

brain to location of stimulus

from past to present

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6
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

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7
Q

sensitization

A

responding to a weak stimulus due to preparation of strong stimulus

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8
Q

adaptation

A

occurs in which cells threshold goes up

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9
Q

signal detection

A

prediction about how quickly you notice a new stimulus

speed impacted by alertness, importance, expectation

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10
Q

sensitiveness of senses example

A

candle light from 30 miles away on a clear dark night

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11
Q

receptor cells

A

cells designed to respond to one particular form of energy

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12
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum intensity of physical energy required to produce any sensation

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13
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest amount of change that can be detected 50% of the time

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14
Q

webers law

A

thresholds for detecting differences are roughly constant proportion to the size of the original stimulus

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15
Q

subliminal

A

beneath the threshold

back masking does nothing

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16
Q

vision

A

most important human sensory system

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17
Q

cornea

A

transparent protective coating over front of eye

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18
Q

pupil

A

opening of iris where light enters

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19
Q

iris

A

colored part of eye

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20
Q

lens

A

focus on light

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21
Q

vitreous

A

fluid inside eye giving its shape

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22
Q

retina

A

lining on back interior of eyeball
have light sensitive receptor cells
firing of these cells allow light

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23
Q

fovea

A

place where you see most clearly

order: cornea, pupil, lens, vitreous, iris, fovea

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24
Q

*inside retina: rods

A

respond to light

night vision

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25
cones
respond to color | found mainly in fovea
26
bipolar cells
specialized neuron with only one dentrite and one axon rods and cones fire into bipolar cells which then connect to the optic nerve
27
hue
aspect of color that corresponds to the name
28
saturation
vividness of hue
29
brightness
nearness to white
30
how do we see color?
not enough cones for every color cones combine their messages results in color through mixing
31
additive color mixing
mixing of light adds additional wavelengths | end result: white
32
subtractive mixing
colors mixed to form a black/brown color | doesnt reflect back to your eye
33
The Trichromatic Theory
Hermann von Helmholtz 3 primary colors form to form any hue used to be no red but red is primary color
34
the opponent process theory
Edward Herring pairs of color receptors after image: stimuli of 1/2 of pair causes other receptor to fire easier
35
monchromats
people most seriously color blind
36
Dichromats
people blind to either red/green or blue/yellow | 10% Male 1% Female
37
steps of hearing
sound waves enter the outer ear and travel to the ear drum vibrating ear drum causes the bones of middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup) to hit each other to amplify vibrations vibrations carried from stirrup to oval window and then to the fluid in cochlea fluid in cochlea causes movement of basilar membrane, also moving the organ of corti. Organ of corti houses tiny fibers that move causing the receptor cells to fire movement of the fibers causes firing of cells that have a message carried from Auditory nerve into the brain
38
pitch
hertz | higher frequency, higher pitch
39
volume
decibles | determined by size of amplitude
40
overtones
accompanying sound waves that are different multiples of the frequency of the basic tone
41
timbre
quality of sound caused by overtones | cheap vs expensive instrument
42
smell
more sensitive then taste activated by odorant binding protein produced by nasal gland smell receptors located in olfactory epithelium neurons in epithelium fire directly at olfactory bulb and then go to amygdala
43
pheromone communication
hormones that are carried to another person through smell | sensed by receptors in the vomeronasal organ
44
flavor
``` combo of taste and smell # of taste buds decrease as you get older ```
45
papillae
bumps on tongue that hold taste buds
46
taste
assembled in parietal bone and limbic system | psychological
47
kinesthetic senses
info about speed and direction of body's movement in space
48
vestibular senses
info about orientation in space
49
vestibular organ
inner ear | fluid movement inside semicircular canals sends info about orientation of head
50
vestibular sacs
tells you up and down
51
cutaneous senses
sensitive to pressure, temp, pain
52
the gate control theory
"gate" in the spinal chord controls the transmission of impulses to the brain
53
pain
can be managed with a placebo
54
meditation
focuses awareness away from the pain or it can close the gate
55
perception
top down way or brain organizes and interprets info and puts it into context
56
perceptual set
psychological factors that determine how you perceive your environment
57
figure-ground relationship
the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
58
depth perception
ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although it is 2d
59
binocular cues
depth cues that depend on two eyes
60
monocular cues
things that are far away | one eye
61
hubel and wiesels experiment
looked at how stimuli is "written" into our brains | identifies cells that respond only to horizontal and vertical lines
62
feature detectors
simple cells that react to a specific stimulus
63
complex cells
coordinate info drawn from simple cells
64
gestalts psychologists
brain looks for patterns to form coherent perceptual experience
65
proximity
how close things are to each other | similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness
66
obsener characteristics: motivation and expectation
desires and needs shape perception perceptions about what we are supposed to perceive.

AP Psych (20 decks)

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