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AP Psych > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Bottom up processing

A

The process of looking at small pieces first then the big picture

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2
Q

Top down processing

A

The process of looking at the big picture first then the small pieces

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3
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The smallest amount of stimulus needed to notice a change

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4
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The minimum amount of a stimulus needed to know it exists. Depends on motivation, focus, and previous experience

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5
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The change in stimulus to meet the difference threshold must increase or decrease by a consistent percentage

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6
Q

Selective attention

A

Conscious awareness that our brain is focused on at a given point in time

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amount of a stimulus needed to know it exists

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8
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

When our brain stops alerting us to sensory information it has already processed

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9
Q

Pupil

A

Open space in the middle of the eye

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10
Q

Retina

A

Reflective coloring in the back of your eye that contains all of the rods and cones

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11
Q

Cones

A

Help us see color better during the day, at the center of our vision (Fovea)

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12
Q

Blind spot

A

Where the optic nerve connects to the retina and there are no receptors there

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13
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of our eye, the muscle opens and closes to let light in

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14
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that connects your eye to to your brain

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15
Q

Fovea

A

Where most of your cones are located

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16
Q

Young-Helmhotz (Trichromatic Theory)

A

We have three types of color cones (Red, Blue, Green) and combinations of them help us see color

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17
Q

Intensity

A

How big the wavelengths are

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18
Q

Lens

A

A disk that changes shape to reflect light on the correct part of the retina

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19
Q

Rods

A

The receptor cells on your retina that allow us to see black and white and better at night

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20
Q

Cornea

A

Protective covering over the eye

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21
Q

Feature detectors

A

Specialized cells in your occipital lobe that identify angles, shapes, and movement

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22
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) when one fires the other has to fire back

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23
Q

Middle ear

A

Three small bones in the ear, the hammer, anvil, and stirrup and they vibrate to amplify sound

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24
Q

Pinna

A

Collects sound waves

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25
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Connects the your ear to the brain

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26
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to the inner ear (cochlea, auditory nerve) can be treated with cochlear implants

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27
Q

Frequency

A

Frequency of sound waves determines pitch

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28
Q

Cochlea

A

A snail shaped coil who transducers sound into a neural message for your brain

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29
Q

Eardrum

A

Thin membrane that vibrates to amplify sound

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30
Q

Place theory

A

The pitch we head is determined by the location that the sound waves strike the cochlea. Doesn’t explain lower pitched sounds

31
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Damage to the outer or middle ear, also attributes to the deafness you get as you age, it can be treated with a hearing aid

32
Q

Pitch

A

The speed at which sound waves travel

33
Q

Inner ear

A

Made up of the cochlea and auditory nerve

34
Q

Hammer/Anvil/Stirrup

A

Make up the middle ear, vibrate to amplify sound

35
Q

Frequency theory

A

The pitch we hear is determined by the speed the sound waves travel down the auditory nerve. Can’t explain very high pitched sounds

36
Q

Cochlear implant

A

An implant near your cochlea that can cure deafness or at least help hearing

37
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Our sense of where our body parts are in relation to each other

38
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Your sense of overall body position

39
Q

Gustatory sense

A 
Your ability to taste
Sour-poisoness
Sweet-energy
Bitter-poison/spoiled food
Salty-sodium (for muscles to work properly)
Unami-meaty taste (provides protein)
40
Q

Umami

A

Meaty taste (provides protein)

41
Q

Olfactory sense

A

Smell

42
Q

Gate-control theory

A

When enough touch receptors are active it will open a large fiber gate in the spinal cord

43
Q

Sensory interaction

A

Smell and taste are both dependent on each other

44
Q

Synesthesia

A

Mix up of the senses

Ex: tasting sounds

45
Q

Gestalt

A

Our brain likes to see things as “wholes”

46
Q

Proximity

A

Our brain groups things together that are close together

47
Q

Visual cliff

A

A test to see wether babies have depth perception (they do)

48
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth perception question that we are able to perceive with one eye open

49
Q

Perceptual set

A

Expectations and prior experiences affect our perceptions

50
Q

Continuity

A

The ability to keep things the same

51
Q

Binocular cues

A

Depth perception question you need both eyes open to see

52
Q

Visual texture

A

We know that objects have more texture detail when viewing them from a close distance

53
Q

Similarity

A

Our brain groups things together that look the same

54
Q

Depth perception

A

The ability to see how close or far away something is and judge it based on your vision

55
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Each eye has a slightly different image and when put together these images help us perceive depth

56
Q

Interposition

A

When we judge depth based on which objects are in front of each other in a space

57
Q

Color constancy

A

We know that items do not change color based on their location and the light surrounding them

58
Q

Ernest Weber

A

Created Weber’s law- the change in stimulus to meet the difference threshold must increase or decrease by a consistent percentage

59
Q

Herman Von Helmholtz

A

The trichromatic theory- we have three types of colors (Red,Blue,Green) and combinations of them help us see color

60
Q

Elantra Gibson and Richard Walk

A

Visual cliff experiment- a test to see wether babies had depth perception (they do)

61
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

A psychological lack of attention that is not associated with any vision defects or deficits

62
Q

Transduction

A

The transportation of stimuli to the central nervous system

63
Q

Wavelength

A

How sounds and light waves are measured

64
Q

Parallel processing

A

The ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality

65
Q

Hue

A

The degree at which a stimuli can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow

66
Q

Accommodation

A

What occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing Schemas (a plan or theory)

67
Q

Audition

A

Hearing

68
Q

Cutaneous sense

A

Touch

69
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

The optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion

70
Q

Figure ground

A

Relating to or denoting the perception of images by the distinction of objects from a background from which they appear to stand out

71
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as having constant shape, size, and color regardless of changes in perspective, distance, and lighting

72
Q

Extrasensory perception

A

The faculty of perceiving things by means other than the known senses

Ex: telepathy

73
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of phenomenas or psychic experiences into a broader study of psychology and the open mind.

AP Psych (8 decks)

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