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AP Psych > Cognition and Memory > Flashcards

Cognition and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Encodeing

A

Taking information in and processing it

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2
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeat the info over and over to try to remember

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3
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping information together that needs to be remembered so we can remember it

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4
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Add meaning or detail to help remember the info better

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5
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

Strange or unusual associations to help us remember info better

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6
Q

Method of Loci

A

Remembering info by visualizing it in various familiar places

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7
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tend to remember the first and last pieces of info the best

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8
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old info blocks new info from being remembered

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9
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New info blocks old info from being remembered

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10
Q

Sensory memory

A

A very short piece of sensory info

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11
Q

Iconic

A

Visual sensory memory

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12
Q

Eidetic

A

Photographic memory

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13
Q

Echoic

A

Auditory

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14
Q

Short term memory

A

Brief store house for info

15-20 seconds

5-7 items

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15
Q

Working memory

A

Another name for short term memory

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16
Q

Long term memory

A

Relatively permanent store house for all types of memory

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17
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Neural connections that get stronger with each time we process and use a piece of info in our memory

*repetition

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18
Q

Explicit/Declarative Memory

A

Meteorites you must use effort to recall

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19
Q

Nondeclarative/implicite memory

A

Memories that do not take effort to recall

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20
Q

Procedural memories

A

“How to” memories

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21
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts/words/language

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22
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memories of your life

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23
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Vivid powerful memories tied to an emotion or stress

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24
Q

Hippocampus

A

Stores your short term memory

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25
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance and long term memory

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26
Q

Recall

A

Remembering info without any cue

27
Q

Recognition

A

Given options from which to choose the right answer

28
Q

Priming

A

Giving you background info/gets you back into the right mindset to recall info

29
Q

Deja vu

A

Feel like something has happened before

30
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

We tend to remember things at times when we felt a similar mood

31
Q

State dependent learning/the encoding specificity principle

A

More likely to remember info if we are in the same mental “state”

32
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Can no longer from any new memories

33
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Cannot remember anything from your past

34
Q

Repression

A

The controversial idea that we can block out unwanted memories

35
Q

Source amnesia

A

You remember info, but inaccurately remember where you learned it

36
Q

Misinformation affect

A

When conflicting info is given after an event, it affects our memory of the event itself

37
Q

Confabulation

A

The act of creating a false memory

38
Q

Forgetting curve

A

After learning info if it isn’t practiced we rapidly forget

39
Q

Spacing effect

A

Practice info a bit over time to aid in remembering that info

40
Q

Automatic processing

A

Encoding like muscle memory

41
Q

Effortful processing

A

Takes time and effort to encode the info

42
Q

Visual encoding

A

The process of encoding images and visual sensory info

43
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

The use of auditory stimuli or hearing to implant memories

44
Q

Semantic encoding

A

The processing and encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a context

45
Q

Relearning

A

A way of measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and forgotten

46
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

Pioneered the experimental study of memory and cognition

47
Q

Miller

A

The idea of short term memory and 5-7 items stored

48
Q

Loftus

A

Misinformation effect and confabulation

49
Q

Atkinson and shiffrin

A

The idea of memory storage

50
Q

Kohler

A

Insight learning

When one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem

51
Q

Concept

A

Overall categories that ideas/objects/ events fit into

52
Q

Prototype

A

The main example of each concept for an individual

53
Q

Algorithm

A

A problem solving strategy where you try every possible solution and you eventually get the answer but it’s slow

54
Q

Heuristic

A

A problem solving strategy that uses a rule of thumb or a shortcut to find the answer, it is faster but can easily lead to mistakes

55
Q

Insight

A

The aha moment of understanding

56
Q

Creativity

A

The phenomenon where so,etching new and valuable is formed, it does not need to be a tangible object but it still holds value

57
Q

Availability heuristic

A

A problem solving strategy when we make a decision based on information that most readily comes to mind

58
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

A problem solving strategy based on a stereotype or generalization

59
Q

Overconfidence

A

A cognitive bias where you think you were right all along

60
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A cognitive bias where you tend to think so,thing is true even though it isn’t

61
Q

Fixation/mental set

A

We can only think of one way to solve a problem

62
Q

Functional fixedness

A

We can only think of a normal use for an object

63
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Clinging to ones initial belief even though contradicting evidence has been discovered

64
Q

Framing

A

A cognitive bias where you react to a certain situation the way it is presented to you

AP Psych (8 decks)

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