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Psych, Natural Science > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensation?

A

the act of using using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli

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2
Q

what is perception?

A

recognizing and identifying sensory stimulus

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3
Q

Vision raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

light waves

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4
Q

hearing raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

sound waves

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5
Q

smell raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

airborne chemicals

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6
Q

taste raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

food chemicals

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7
Q

touch raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

pressure

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8
Q

What two factors help the transformation of physical stimuli into perception?

A

sensory receptor cells and sensory transduction

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9
Q

What is the specialized cell that converts a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses?

A

sensory receptor cell

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10
Q

explain sensory transduction

A

the process of converting a specific form of sensory data into a neural implies that our brain can read

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11
Q

Different sense have different…

A

receptor cells

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12
Q

Absolute threshold is the …. amount of a stimulus that one can detect

A

smallest

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13
Q

Difference in threshold is measured by

A

JND

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14
Q

What is JND

A

the minimal difference needed to notice a difference between two stimuli

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15
Q

Different JND depends on the…

A

strength of the original stimulus

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16
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

contant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain, which causes decreased sensation

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17
Q

what does sensory adaptation allow?

A

allows us to focus on important stimuli in our environment

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18
Q

sensation and perception occur together but through different…

A

processes

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19
Q

What are the two different processes of sensation and perception?

A

bottom top processing and top down processing

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20
Q

When raw sensory data is transduced, sent to the brain and your brain uses all of the data to build a perception and the neural signals move up to more complex brain regions to start putting together the perception is…..

A

bottom-up processing

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21
Q

what is top-down processing

A

it is led by cognitive processes where you use previously learned information to help recognize and interpret the data coming into your brain

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22
Q

What is perceptual set?

A

the readiness to interpret a certain stimulus in a certain way, expecting to see a specific object, you are more likely to interpret it in that way

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23
Q

perceptual set can affect…

A

all senses

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24
Q

perception involves both bottom-up process (……) and top-down processes (………)

A

Neural signals to perception, interpretation based on cognitive processes

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25
Q

When we smell, chemicals are also known as

A

odorants

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26
Q

Odorants stimulate the 5 million receptor neurons at the top of each

A

nasal cavity

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27
Q

the …. send a neural impulse (…..) to the smell centre of the brain, also known as the …..

A

receptor cells, transduction, olfactory bulb

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28
Q

bumps of the tongue are called

A

papillae

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29
Q

chemical substances in food dissolve in saliva and fall where on the tongue?

A

between the papillae

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30
Q

papillae holds …

A

receptor cells

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31
Q

each taste bud contains .. to .. sensory receptor cells for taste

A

60-100

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32
Q

The taste buds translate the chemical message into a neural impulse, which gets sent to the … and eventually the ….

A

thalamus - cerebral cortex

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33
Q

what are the 5 different taste receptors?

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salt, umami

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34
Q

what is umami

A

the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG) - such as meat or tomatoes

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35
Q

eating involves multiple senses including

A

taste and smell, tactile (touch) and olfactory and gustatory receptors

36
Q

olfactory and gustatory receptors are unique in that they

A

regenerate if damaged

37
Q

Explain the two paths of smell

A

Smell goes to the olfactory bulb which can go to the piriform cortex for experience that effects learning/recognition and memory, or smell can go from the olfactory bulb to the amygdala for emotion, the to hippocampus

38
Q

Explain the path of taste

A

taste goes to the thalamus that combines sensory information, it is then integrated with reward circuits

39
Q

The somatosensory cortex is found where and processes what?

A

found in the parietal lobe, it processes information about texture, temperature and pain from the tongue

40
Q

Smell is well developed from

A

birth

41
Q

new borns recognize motherly scents such as these 3

A

amniotic fluid, milk, and mother in general

42
Q

taste is well formed at birth because…

A

innate preference for sweet tastes, age 7 develop preference for sour tastes and learning as a whole helps development

43
Q

Taste changes also occur in the … system because

A

gustatory system because there are more taste buds as children than as adults. - picky eating?

44
Q

2 reasons our smell and taste differ

A

sensitivities change, gender difference as females are more sensitive than males (ovulation, after menopause), types of tasters

45
Q

What are the 3 types of tasters

A

non taster, medium taster and super tasters - all respond differently to bitter substances

46
Q

What makes a super taster?

A

different concentration in taste buds

47
Q

after age 50, # of … decline while after age 60, …. decline

A

tastebuds, sense of smell - decline in interest of foods

48
Q

What is anosmia?

A

inability to smell - head trauma

49
Q

What is ageusia?

A

the inability to taste - head trauma

50
Q

What is reflect epilepsy

A

a seizure occurs only after exposure to a specific odour

51
Q

what is an aura

A

false perceptions that precede a seizure or migraine are different than reflect epilepsy

52
Q

What are migraine headaches

A

specific odours can trigger migraines

53
Q

The tactile or somatosensory system is a combination of skin senses:

A

pressure, touch, temperature, vibration, pain

54
Q

the tactile senses rely on a variety of receptors located in different parts of the skin. There are different receptors for…

A

pain/temperature than for fine touch/pressure

55
Q

Free nerve endings are for

A

pain and temperature

56
Q

what receptors are located near the surface fo the skin

A

free nerve endings

57
Q

Why are free nerve endings called free?

A

because the are not specialized like other cells

58
Q

Which receptor is more simpler in structure?

A

free nerve endings

59
Q

free nerve endings convert..

A

physical stimuli into touch, temperature or pain

60
Q

What is Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

located in the fingertips, lips, and palms. They function to trandsduce information

61
Q

What are Merkel’s Discs?

A

Located near the surface of the skin and function to transduce information about light to moderate pressure against the skin

62
Q

What are Ruffini’s end organs

A

Located deep in the skin and function to register heavy pressure and movement of the joints

63
Q

What are Pacinian Corpuscles

A

located deep in the skin and function to respond to vibrations and heavy pressure

64
Q

What are the 3 steps to perceiving touch

A

sensory neons register pressure, sends message to spinal cord, then thalamus. Information is then sent to somatosensory cortex that registers the sensation

65
Q

Tactile information is processed contra laterally, meaning

A

opposite side of brain

66
Q

What are the two pathways of pain?

A

Fast pathway (myelinated) and slow burn (unmyelinated)

67
Q

Sharp, localized pain is felt quicker because it travels along myelinated neurons to the brain is what kind of pathway?

A

fast pathway

68
Q

nagging, burning pain is slower to be felt because it travels along unmyelinated pathways is called what kind of pathway

A

slow burn

69
Q

pain systems show

A

adaptation

70
Q

Fetuses respond to touch when?

A

early in prenatal development

71
Q

response to different tactile stimuli occurs after…

A

further development and learning in the brain

72
Q

2 reasons why we feel or not feel pain?

A

people differ in what tactile stimuli they find painful or pleasurable, and differences in brain activation may cause different responses to pain

73
Q

What is pain threshold?

A

at what point we feel pain and how intensely we feel it

74
Q

Who has lower pain threshold? Men or women?

A

women - twice as many receptors

75
Q

What is Gate Control Theory

A

patterns of neural activity can close a “gate” that prevents messages from reaching parts of the brain where they are perceived as pain - based on neural chemicals

76
Q

….. pain is the most common abnormality associated with the somatosensory system

A

chronic

77
Q

… and … are naturally occurring pain killing chemicals in the brain

A

endorphins and enkephalins

78
Q

endorphins and enkephalins can be found in opiates such as

A

morphine or heroine

79
Q

endorphins and enkephalins are produced naturally through

A

intense physical activity, sex or intense stress

80
Q

What i cingulotomy?

A

destruction of the cingulate cortex - an extreme form of neurosurgery to relieve chronic pain

81
Q

What is Familial Dysautonomia

A

rare genetic condition associated with an inability to detect pain or temperature

82
Q

What is Phantom Limb?

A

tactile hallucinations of touch, pressure, vibration and pain in a body part that no longer exists

83
Q

What are sound waves

A

vibrations of the molecules in the air

84
Q

What are the two major qualities of sound waves

A

frequency and amplitude

85
Q

What is frequency?

A

the number of cycles (waves) per second

Psych, Natural Science (9 decks)

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