Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is sensation?

A

the act of using using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli

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2
Q

what is perception?

A

recognizing and identifying sensory stimulus

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3
Q

Vision raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

light waves

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4
Q

hearing raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

sound waves

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5
Q

smell raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

airborne chemicals

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6
Q

taste raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

food chemicals

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7
Q

touch raw sensory data is in the form of…

A

pressure

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8
Q

What two factors help the transformation of physical stimuli into perception?

A

sensory receptor cells and sensory transduction

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9
Q

What is the specialized cell that converts a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses?

A

sensory receptor cell

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10
Q

explain sensory transduction

A

the process of converting a specific form of sensory data into a neural implies that our brain can read

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11
Q

Different sense have different…

A

receptor cells

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12
Q

Absolute threshold is the …. amount of a stimulus that one can detect

A

smallest

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13
Q

Difference in threshold is measured by

A

JND

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14
Q

What is JND

A

the minimal difference needed to notice a difference between two stimuli

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15
Q

Different JND depends on the…

A

strength of the original stimulus

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16
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

contant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain, which causes decreased sensation

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17
Q

what does sensory adaptation allow?

A

allows us to focus on important stimuli in our environment

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18
Q

sensation and perception occur together but through different…

A

processes

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19
Q

What are the two different processes of sensation and perception?

A

bottom top processing and top down processing

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20
Q

When raw sensory data is transduced, sent to the brain and your brain uses all of the data to build a perception and the neural signals move up to more complex brain regions to start putting together the perception is…..

A

bottom-up processing

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21
Q

what is top-down processing

A

it is led by cognitive processes where you use previously learned information to help recognize and interpret the data coming into your brain

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22
Q

What is perceptual set?

A

the readiness to interpret a certain stimulus in a certain way, expecting to see a specific object, you are more likely to interpret it in that way

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23
Q

perceptual set can affect…

A

all senses

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24
Q

perception involves both bottom-up process (……) and top-down processes (………)

A

Neural signals to perception, interpretation based on cognitive processes

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25
When we smell, chemicals are also known as
odorants
26
Odorants stimulate the 5 million receptor neurons at the top of each
nasal cavity
27
the .... send a neural impulse (.....) to the smell centre of the brain, also known as the .....
receptor cells, transduction, olfactory bulb
28
bumps of the tongue are called
papillae
29
chemical substances in food dissolve in saliva and fall where on the tongue?
between the papillae
30
papillae holds ...
receptor cells
31
each taste bud contains .. to .. sensory receptor cells for taste
60-100
32
The taste buds translate the chemical message into a neural impulse, which gets sent to the ... and eventually the ....
thalamus - cerebral cortex
33
what are the 5 different taste receptors?
sweet, sour, bitter, salt, umami
34
what is umami
the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG) - such as meat or tomatoes
35
eating involves multiple senses including
taste and smell, tactile (touch) and olfactory and gustatory receptors
36
olfactory and gustatory receptors are unique in that they
regenerate if damaged
37
Explain the two paths of smell
Smell goes to the olfactory bulb which can go to the piriform cortex for experience that effects learning/recognition and memory, or smell can go from the olfactory bulb to the amygdala for emotion, the to hippocampus
38
Explain the path of taste
taste goes to the thalamus that combines sensory information, it is then integrated with reward circuits
39
The somatosensory cortex is found where and processes what?
found in the parietal lobe, it processes information about texture, temperature and pain from the tongue
40
Smell is well developed from
birth
41
new borns recognize motherly scents such as these 3
amniotic fluid, milk, and mother in general
42
taste is well formed at birth because...
innate preference for sweet tastes, age 7 develop preference for sour tastes and learning as a whole helps development
43
Taste changes also occur in the ... system because
gustatory system because there are more taste buds as children than as adults. - picky eating?
44
2 reasons our smell and taste differ
sensitivities change, gender difference as females are more sensitive than males (ovulation, after menopause), types of tasters
45
What are the 3 types of tasters
non taster, medium taster and super tasters - all respond differently to bitter substances
46
What makes a super taster?
different concentration in taste buds
47
after age 50, # of ... decline while after age 60, .... decline
tastebuds, sense of smell - decline in interest of foods
48
What is anosmia?
inability to smell - head trauma
49
What is ageusia?
the inability to taste - head trauma
50
What is reflect epilepsy
a seizure occurs only after exposure to a specific odour
51
what is an aura
false perceptions that precede a seizure or migraine are different than reflect epilepsy
52
What are migraine headaches
specific odours can trigger migraines
53
The tactile or somatosensory system is a combination of skin senses:
pressure, touch, temperature, vibration, pain
54
the tactile senses rely on a variety of receptors located in different parts of the skin. There are different receptors for...
pain/temperature than for fine touch/pressure
55
Free nerve endings are for
pain and temperature
56
what receptors are located near the surface fo the skin
free nerve endings
57
Why are free nerve endings called free?
because the are not specialized like other cells
58
Which receptor is more simpler in structure?
free nerve endings
59
free nerve endings convert..
physical stimuli into touch, temperature or pain
60
What is Meissner's corpuscles?
located in the fingertips, lips, and palms. They function to trandsduce information
61
What are Merkel's Discs?
Located near the surface of the skin and function to transduce information about light to moderate pressure against the skin
62
What are Ruffini's end organs
Located deep in the skin and function to register heavy pressure and movement of the joints
63
What are Pacinian Corpuscles
located deep in the skin and function to respond to vibrations and heavy pressure
64
What are the 3 steps to perceiving touch
sensory neons register pressure, sends message to spinal cord, then thalamus. Information is then sent to somatosensory cortex that registers the sensation
65
Tactile information is processed contra laterally, meaning
opposite side of brain
66
What are the two pathways of pain?
Fast pathway (myelinated) and slow burn (unmyelinated)
67
Sharp, localized pain is felt quicker because it travels along myelinated neurons to the brain is what kind of pathway?
fast pathway
68
nagging, burning pain is slower to be felt because it travels along unmyelinated pathways is called what kind of pathway
slow burn
69
pain systems show
adaptation
70
Fetuses respond to touch when?
early in prenatal development
71
response to different tactile stimuli occurs after...
further development and learning in the brain
72
2 reasons why we feel or not feel pain?
people differ in what tactile stimuli they find painful or pleasurable, and differences in brain activation may cause different responses to pain
73
What is pain threshold?
at what point we feel pain and how intensely we feel it
74
Who has lower pain threshold? Men or women?
women - twice as many receptors
75
What is Gate Control Theory
patterns of neural activity can close a "gate" that prevents messages from reaching parts of the brain where they are perceived as pain - based on neural chemicals
76
..... pain is the most common abnormality associated with the somatosensory system
chronic
77
... and ... are naturally occurring pain killing chemicals in the brain
endorphins and enkephalins
78
endorphins and enkephalins can be found in opiates such as
morphine or heroine
79
endorphins and enkephalins are produced naturally through
intense physical activity, sex or intense stress
80
What i cingulotomy?
destruction of the cingulate cortex - an extreme form of neurosurgery to relieve chronic pain
81
What is Familial Dysautonomia
rare genetic condition associated with an inability to detect pain or temperature
82
What is Phantom Limb?
tactile hallucinations of touch, pressure, vibration and pain in a body part that no longer exists
83
What are sound waves
vibrations of the molecules in the air
84
What are the two major qualities of sound waves
frequency and amplitude
85
What is frequency?
the number of cycles (waves) per second