Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
an internal state or condition that directs behaviour
Instinct theory
People are motivated by their biological instincts
instincts
inborn behavioural tendencies activated by stimuli in our environments
Drive reduction theory
belief that physiological need creates an aroused state that drive us to reduce that need to gain equilibrium and homeostasis
Arousal theory
we are motivated to pursue an optimum level of stimulation
Yerkes-dodson law
performance on task is best when the arousal level is optimal for that specific task
Incentive Theory
Involves intrinsic motivation and extrinsic
Intrinsic motivations
motivated by internal factors and engaging in a behaviour simply for the satisfaction that is part of doing
Primary incentives
rewards or punishments that are innate
Secondary incentives
viewed as rewarding as a result of learning about their association with other events such as grades
Incentive Salience
causes motivational power
Pleasure in the moment produces
opiates in the brain as well as dopamine
Dopamine Pathway
Ventral Tegmental Area to Nucleus Accumbens to Prefrontal Cortex
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (bottom up)
Physiological Needs - Safety - Love - Esteem - Self Actualization
Cues to eat:
Empty stomach and low blood glucose levels may stimulate the lateral hypothalamus to motivate us to eat while at the same time inhibiting satisfaction signals from the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus
Cues to stop eating
stretch receptors are activated and blood glucose levels reached a certain level, along with high levels of leptin, making the VMH become active and inhibit the LH
Dual Centre Theory of Motivation
Activity in one area serves to inhibit the area that serves the opposite function
Anorexia Nervosa
Preoccupied with being or becoming fat, distorted body image
Treatments for anorexia nervosa
cognitive behavioural therapy, hospitalization, family therapy
Bulimia Nervosa
Cycle of binging and purging. Exercise excessively, most do not appear underweight
Treatment of bulimia
behavioural modification, cognitive therapy, antidepressant drugs
5 phases of sex
Desire phase, Excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, resolution phase
Two sex hormones in the brain
testosterone and estrogen
Excitement phase of sex activates (5)
the hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and ventral segmental area
Orgasm phase activates
cerebellum, ventral tegmental area
Male fetus masculinization
DHT (dihydrotestosterone) masculinizes the brain after a protein binds to estrogen in the hypothalamus
Evolutionary theory of sexuality
gender differences have evolved to maximize the odds of survival
Causes of sexual orientation
prenatal expose to hormones, differin sizes of the anterior hypothalamus
Desire PhaseL Sexual Aversion Disorder
low desire, sex viewed as unpleasant and repulsice
Excitement Phase: Female Sexual Arousal Disorder/Erectile Disorder
cannot attain or maintain proper lubrication/erection
Orgasm phase problems
premature ejaculation or orgasmic disorder
3 causes of sexual disfunction
biological, psychological (depression/anxiety), men
3 treatments of sex problems
cognitive behavioural, couple and family techniques, viagra
Paraphilias
People who have sexual urges in response to objects or situations that society considers innappropriate
Exhibitionism
Urge to expose one’s own genitals to unsuspecting people
Voyeurism
Acting on urges to watch unsuspecting people who are undressing or engaging in sexual activity
Affiliation
need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance and protection
