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Psych, Natural Science > Neuroscience CH 4 > Flashcards

Neuroscience CH 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Examining autopsy tissue has the allowance but also the drawback of…

A

Allowing neuroscientists to see what our brains look like but has the obvious drawbacks of telling them about how the systems work alive

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2
Q

What do neuropsychologists do? What does this help us conquer?

A

test the behaviour of patients with damage to certain parts of their brain. This allows us to know which parts of the brain do what depending on what part of the brain is damaged and what the patient therefore lacks in.

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3
Q

What is the drawback of neuropschologist work?

A

Inferences are made about the brain without possible smaller abnormalities being recognized that may cause the problem

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4
Q

Electroencephalograms are used for

A

recording brain activity or brain waves from the surface of the scalp during certain states such as awake or asleep

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5
Q

What is lesioning

A

destroying specific brain areas to see how behaviour changes

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6
Q

What are neuroimaging techniques used for

A

show visual images in awake humans

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7
Q

MRI, fMRI, PET, CT scans are all

A

neuroimaging techniques

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8
Q

Clinical observation allows

A

discovering of a number of brain disorders

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9
Q

What is a brain lesion?

A

Experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviours after such destruction

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10
Q

What is PET?

A

Positron Emission Tomography Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task

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11
Q

What is MRI scan?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue

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12
Q

What are neurone?

A

(nerve cell) main building block of the brain

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13
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

sensory, motor, interneuron

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14
Q

Which neurone gathers sensory info

A

sensory

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15
Q

which neurone communicates info to muscles

A

motor

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16
Q

which neurone carries info between neurone in the brain and the spinal cord?

A

interneuron

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17
Q

Which neuron is unipolar?

A

interneuron

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18
Q

which neurone is bipolar?

A

sensory

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19
Q

which neurone is multipolar

A

motor

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20
Q

What is a cell body?

A

it contains the nucleus which provides energy for the neuron

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21
Q

What are dendrites

A

receive messages from other neurons

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22
Q

what does the axon fo

A

carries info away from the cell body

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23
Q

what does the axon terminals do

A

transmits signals to the dendrites on the next neurone

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24
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

a substance that speeds up the firing of the neuron

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25
Q

What do the nodes of ranvier do?

A

they are the small gaps on the neurone that have no myelin covering

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26
Q

what is the order of the neurone from one dendrite to the next

A

dendrite - cell body - axon - myelin sheath - nodes - terminals - muscle

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27
Q

Glia?

A

cells that help support neurons and basically also make up the nervous system

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28
Q

What do astrocytes do? (3)

A

They create blood-brain barrier, influences communication between neurone and helps heal brain damage

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29
Q

what are oligodendroglia

A

provide myelin to speed up transmission of neurons

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30
Q

what are microglia?

A

clean up dead cells and prevent infections in the brain

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31
Q

list the three types of glia

A

astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia

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32
Q

Cells are surrounded by (a) and contain (b). Both fluids contain charged particles called (c)

A

extracellular fluid/intracellular fluid/ions

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33
Q

When is the resting potential?

A

when a neurone is at rest

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34
Q

The neurone is more negatively charged inside or outside of the cell? (-70mv)

A

inside

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35
Q

The resting charge is maintained through the actions of….

A

sodium-potassium pumps

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36
Q

neurone send messages to one another via electrochemical actions meaning….

A

chemicals cause an electrical signal to be generated

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37
Q

A sudden charge of a neurone axon causes it to release a chemical called….. thereby passing an electrical signal from one neurone to the next

A

neurotransmitter

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38
Q

Neurons are covered by a

A

membrane

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39
Q

ions are molecules that contain a relative imbalance of…..

A

protons or electrons and thus either are negatively or positively charged

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40
Q

When a neuron is said to not be sending a message it is considered to be

A

resting

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41
Q

What is the term that is described as allowing crtain ions to flow back and forth through ion channels?

A

selective permeability

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42
Q

Ion channels open and close in response to messes received from

A

the cells

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43
Q

Resting potential is maintained or changed by these specific ions

A

Na+, K+ and CL-

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44
Q

What ion is positively charged and higher concentration outside the cell?

A

sodium Na+

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45
Q

What ion is positively charged and higher concentration inside the cell?

A

Potassium K+

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46
Q

What ion is negatively charged and has higher concentration outside the cell?

A

CL- Chloride

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47
Q

unequal distribution of ions inside and outside cell establishes a

A

concentration gradient

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48
Q

Concentration gradient changes when…

A

electrical charge causes ion channels to open and allow more Na+ to flow into the cell

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49
Q

When a neurone fires it is the…

A

action potential

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50
Q

What is the four steps of action potential?

A
  1. Ion channels open to let the positive chard (Na) in.
  2. If inside of cell reaches a certain threshold of -50mv and action potential occurs
  3. The action potential moves down the membrane of the axon
  4. As the action potential moves past a part of the membrane the na/k pump works to restore the membrane to resting potential
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51
Q

Na+ goes (a) the cell during action potential while K+ goes (b)

A

in/out

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52
Q

What are the regions of bare axon that are between the areas wrapped in myelin called?

A

nodes of ranvier

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53
Q

What allows action potentials travel down the axon by jumping?

A

nodes of ranvier

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54
Q

What is plasticity

A

repeated release of neurotransmitters that can cause permanent change to the neurons

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55
Q

What is all or none?

A

Either a neurone is sufficiently stimulated in threshold to start an action potential or it is not

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56
Q

After firing, a neurone can’t fire for a 1000th of a second. What is this called?

A

Refractory period

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57
Q

What is an absolute refractory period?

A

a short time after an action potential during which a neurone is completely unable to fire again

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58
Q

what is a relative refractory period?

A

just after the absolute refractory period during which a neurone can only fire if it receives a stimulus stronger than its usual threshold level

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59
Q

When an action potential reaches the end of the axon it triggers the release of

A

neutransmitters

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60
Q

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help neighbouring neurons

A

talk to eachother

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61
Q

Neurotransmitters float from the (a) of one neurone and are taken up by the (b) in a neighbouring neuron

A

synaptic vessel and neurotransmitter receptors

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62
Q

What is the synapse?

A

the small space between neurons

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63
Q

What is the lock and key mechanism?

A

neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism

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64
Q

3 functions of acetylcholine

A

activate motor neurons for skeletal muscles, contribute to the regulation of attention/arousal/memory, some AVh receptors are stimulated by nicotine

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65
Q

5 functions of dopamine

A

voluntary movement, pleasurable emotions, decreased levels of it is involved with parkinsons disease, overactivity of DA synapses is associated with schizophrenia, cocaine elevates activity at DA synapses

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66
Q

2 functions of norepinephrine

A

contributes to modulation of mood and arousal, cocaine elevate activity at NE synapses

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67
Q

Abnormal levels of serotonin may contribute to

A

depression and OCD

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68
Q

serotonin is involved in regulation or

A

sleep, wakefulness, eating, agression

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69
Q

Antidepressant drugs and prozac affect

A

seritonin circuits

70
Q

What serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter?

A

GABA

71
Q

Endorphins resemble

A

opiate drugs in structure and effects

72
Q

Endorphins contribute to

A

pain relief and some pleasurable moments

73
Q

What is psychopharmachology

A

the study of how drugs affect behviour

74
Q

Drugs either have an (a) or an (b) effect on the system

A

agonistic/antagonistic

75
Q

an agonist mimics a

A

neurotransmitter

76
Q

an (b) block neurotransmitter

A

antagonsit

77
Q

Electrival events in postsynaptic neurons that occur when a neurotransmitter binds to one of its receptors is called

A

postsynaptic potentials

78
Q

the electrical response of the postsynaptic cell is determined by the

A

recepter

79
Q

regions of postsynaptic membranes have been stimulated by excitatory neurochemicals to open their ion channel are…..

A

depolarized

80
Q

What is a hyper polarized area?

A

areas of a cell the have had their negative charade increased in an inhibitory fashion making it less likely that the cell will generate an action potential

81
Q

Neural networks are

A

patterns of neural activity that interconnect and fire together or sequentially

82
Q

synaptic connections create

A

elimination and creation, synaptic pruning

83
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

neurons in the brain and spinal cord

84
Q

what is in the peripheral nervous system?

A

neurons in the rest of the body

85
Q

what are the two categories of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

86
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system contain? what do they do

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic. symp is for stress and para is rest

87
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

transmits info about the senses and movement

88
Q

the pain reflex circuit consists of

A

sensory neuron, inter and motor only

89
Q

What does pain reflex circuit allow for?

A

rapid motor reactions to pain and controls pain reflexes without any communication with the brain

90
Q

Hindbrain is the part of the brain closest to the

A

spinal cord

91
Q

what part of the brain regulates basic life functions

A

hindbrain

92
Q

hindbrain consists of the (4)

A

pons, reticular formation, cerebellum and medulla

93
Q

the midbrain is found right on top of the

A

brain stem

94
Q

The midbrain has a large

A

variety of functions

95
Q

the midbrain consists of the (6)

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, substantia, nigra and pituitary gland

96
Q

The neocortex is located at

A

the top part of the brain

97
Q

The neocortex is responsible for (6)

A

visual, auditory, motor, sensory, cognitive and complex thought

98
Q

The medulla is the base of the brainstem that controls…

A

heartbeat and breathing

99
Q

The reticular formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling

A

arousal

100
Q

The cerebellum is also known as the

A

little brain

101
Q

The cerebellum helps coordinate…

A

voluntary movements and balance

102
Q

The cerebellum has many …. on its surface

A

folds

103
Q

The (4) form the limbic system

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

104
Q

What is the brains sensory switch board?

A

thalamus

105
Q

Where is the thalamus located

A

top of the brain stem

106
Q

The thalamus directs messages to the sensory areas in he cortex and transits replies to the

A

cerebellum and medulla

107
Q

The hypothalamus lies below the

A

thalamus

108
Q

The hypothalamus directs several maintenance activities like

A

eating, drinking, temperature, emotion control

109
Q

The hypothalamus helps govern the … system and …. gland

A

endocrine system and pituitary gland

110
Q

What is the doughnut shaped system of neural structure at the border of the brain stem and cerebrum?

A

The Limbic System

111
Q

What emotions is the limbic system associated with?

A

fear, aggression, drives for food and sex

112
Q

What does the Limbic System include?

A

hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus

113
Q

What is the Amygdala linked to in terms of emotion?

A

fear and anger

114
Q

What structure consists of two lima bean sized neural clusters?

A

Amygdala

115
Q

What does the HPA Axis consist of? (4)

A

The hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, adrenal gland and cortisol

116
Q

The HPA Axis is a….

A

Negative feedback loop

117
Q

What four lobes does the neocortex consist of

A

Parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal

118
Q

The frontal lobe is located where?

A

the front of the brain

119
Q

Which lobe is for higher intellectual thinking?

A

frontal lobe

120
Q

The Broca’s area is found where and for what?

A

in the frontal lobe and speech production

121
Q

The prefrontal cortex is found where? what is it responsible for? (4)

A

Frontal lobe, memory, morality, mood and planning

122
Q

The temporal lobe is located on the

A

sides of the brain

123
Q

The temporal lobe is responsible for (2)

A

speech comprehension and recognizing complex visual stimuli like faces

124
Q

Where and what is the Wenicke’s area?

A

language comprehension in the temporal lobe

125
Q

The occipital lobe is found where

A

back of the brian

126
Q

The occipital lobe is for

A

vision

127
Q

The visions crossed pathway means that the pathways…

A

divide

128
Q

What happens when visual pathways divide?

A

visual cues form temporal side of visual field are sen to opposite side of brain. Visual cue from medial or nasal side are sent to the same side of the brain

129
Q

Where is the parietal lobe

A

at the top of the brain

130
Q

the parietal lobe functions for

A

the perception of touch and complex visual information, especially about locations

131
Q

What is the somatosensory and where is it?

A

a strip containing neurons that register the sensation of touch

132
Q

Areas of the neocortex include:

A

sensory cortex, motor cortex and association cortex

133
Q

What cortex registers sensory neurons (touch)

A

sensory cortex

134
Q

What cortex registers the motor neuron (muscles)

A

motor cortex

135
Q

What cortex registers complex functions, includes higher-order sensory processing, integrating information from from different sense, thinking, planning

A

association cortex

136
Q

What is the location of the corpus callosum

A

connects the two brain hemispheres

137
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum

A

a dense bundle of neural fibres (axons) that allow communication of information from one side of the brain to the other

138
Q

What does evolutionary psychology examine?

A

how the process of evolution has shaped the body and brain via the interaction of our genes and the environment to produce our thoughts and behaviours

139
Q

What is phylogeny

A

the development of unique species over time

140
Q

mammals evolved from an offshoot of…

A

reptiles

141
Q

all life on earth is interrelated and derives from one common ancestor….

A

LUCA - last universal common ancestor

142
Q

What are the 3 super kingdoms

A

Eucharia, Archea, and Bacteria

143
Q

What is the Tiktaalik?

A

a fish in the Canadian Arctic that had a primitive wrist with finger-like bones

144
Q

What are homologous traits

A

characteristics that are similar between species and can be traced back to a common ancestor

145
Q

What are analogous traits?

A

characteristics that have evolved independently in different species

146
Q

What is the development of similar physical characteristics or behaviours in different species that do not share a common ancestor

A

convergent evolution

147
Q

Who is the father of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

148
Q

What is the evolution by natural selection?

A

when animals with physical and behavioural attributes well suited to their environment are more like to survive and reproduce

149
Q

What is an individuals ability to successfully to successfully grow to maturity and have offspring

A

their fitness

150
Q

What were darwin’s four observations?

A

animals were changing over time, aspects of species that seem different on the surface such as humans hands, bat wings have structural similarities underneath, selective breeding of captive animals leads to changes in appearance of the animal, not all animals that are born will survive to maturity and be able to reproduce

151
Q

What is the encephalization factor?

A

the ratio of brain weight to body weight

152
Q

The size of the …. is most important

A

neocortex

153
Q

what percentage of the brain is the neocortex?

A

80%

154
Q

The australopithecus skull is what fraction of the size smaller than present day skull

A

2/3

155
Q

what area is much smaller than usual on the australopithecus skull?

A

frontal cortex

156
Q

Two behaviours that influence the likelihood of reproductive success and survival are

A

mate choice and parental investment

157
Q

what is brain lateralization?

A

brain areas that are specialized for certain functions are found in different hemispheres of the brain

158
Q

An example of brain laterization is…

A

speech is usually found in the left hemisphere of right handed persons

159
Q

Some people have their brain surgically severed to prevent spreading of…

A

seizures from one side of the brain to the other

160
Q

What are split brain patients?

A

patients that have their brain surgically split

161
Q

There is no relationship between brain size and…

A

IQ

162
Q

Gender differences in brain structure are very…

A

small and therefore do not predict much

163
Q

Explain splitting the brain

A

A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibres (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them

164
Q

What does the visual field have to do with the severing of the corpus callosum?

A

objects in the right visual field can be named while objects in the left visual field cannot

165
Q

What are neurological diseases?

A

structural, biochemical, or electrical circuit abnormalities of the brain, spinal cord and nerves

166
Q

Multiple sclerosis is…

A

the loss of myeline on the axons resulting in poor motor skills, poor sensory capabilities and pain

167
Q

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? What are they also called?

A

ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease, is the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to loss of movement and eventual death

168
Q

What is parkinsons disease?

A

dopaminergic neurons die causing tremors and muscle rigidity

169
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

neurons in the striatum die which causes awkward movements and symptoms of psychosis

170
Q

Some disorders may respond to what kind of transplant?

A

stem cell transplant

171
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

and undifferentiated cell that can divide to replace itself and create new cells that have the potential to become all other cells of the body including neurons

Psych, Natural Science (9 decks)

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