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Psych, Natural Science > Quick Unit 2 > Flashcards

Quick Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

amblyopia

A

loss of visual abilities in a weaker eye

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2
Q

Strabismus

A

lack of coordination of movement in both eyes

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3
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

receptor cells in muscles tell us if we are moving and in what direction

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4
Q

vestibular sense

A

located in the semicircular canals of the ear telling body position

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5
Q

3 gestalt grouping laws

A

proximity, closure, and similarity

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6
Q

What is depth perception

A

relies on two types: binocular and monocular

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7
Q

what is convergence

A

a binocular cue that is the tendency of the eyes to move toward each other as we focus on an object up close

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8
Q

binocular disparity

A

different images of objects are cast on the retinas of each eye

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9
Q

monocular cues

A

cues from one eye, 2 dimensional

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10
Q

gestalt principles are by what process?

A

top down

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11
Q

visual agnosia

A

damage to the what pathway

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12
Q

prosopagnosia

A

form of visual agnosia in which people cannot recognize faces

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13
Q

vision path in the brain

A

visual info leaves retina, travels to superior colliculus to thalamus to primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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14
Q

opponent process theory suggests and explains what

A

colours are processed in opposite pairs and explain after images. If you stare at green too long you can’t see red

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15
Q

What three structures analyze colour in antagonistic opponent pairs?

A

ganglion cells, thalamus and visual cortex

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16
Q

What does trichromatic theory suggest

A

there are three different sensors for colour and each type responds to a different wave length

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17
Q

what is electromagnetic radiation?

A

a stimulus for light

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18
Q

what is tinnitus

A

ringing in the ear

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19
Q

What is amusia

A

tone deafness, inability to distinguish between pitch

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20
Q

path of hearing in the brain

A

cochlea to brainstem to thalamus to auditory cortex to auditory associated areas in the cortex

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21
Q

3 ways we adapt to noise

A

muscle contractions, hair cells becoming less sensitive and attention (cocktail party effect)

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22
Q

two major causes of deafness

A

conductive (blockage or break in hearing process) or nerve (damage or malformation of hair cells or auditory nerve)

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23
Q

frequency

A

pitch of sound

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24
Q

amplitude

A

loudness

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25
Q

familial dysaitonomia

A

inability to detect pain or temperature

26
Q

endorphins and enkephalins are

A

natural pain killers

27
Q

cingulotomy

A

destruction of the cingulate cortex

28
Q

gate control theory

A

patterns of neural activity can actually close a gate that prevents messages from reaching parts of the brain where they are perceived as pain

29
Q

anosmia

A

inability to smell

30
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste

31
Q

reflex epilespsy

A

seizure from smells

32
Q

vicarious learning

A

occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another actions and the chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so

33
Q

what is habituation

A

non associative: weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

34
Q

what is sensitization

A

non associative: a strong stimulus that results in an exaggerated response to subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli

35
Q

two types of associative learning

A

classical and operant

36
Q

acquisition

A

the initial leaning of the stimulus response relationship - realizing connection

37
Q

what is stimulus discrimination

A

an organism leanrs to emit a certain behaviour in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in the presence of a similar one

38
Q

higher order conditioning

A

occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditied sim for further conditioning

39
Q

extinction

A

reduction of a conditioned response

40
Q

what was the little albert experiment?

A

classical conditioning and fear. Watson conditioned little albert to be afraid of a white rat by playing a loud noise overtime he reached for the animal. Little albert cries at rats.

41
Q

systematic sensitization

A

a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation

42
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

previously neutral taste stimulus sets pairing with illness

43
Q

who created the puzzle box

A

edward thorndike

44
Q

what is the law of effect

A

behaviours that create pleasantness

45
Q

behaviourism

A

founded by BF Skinner, the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour. Organisms font simply respond to environment but also operate on it

46
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

behaviour is reinforced all of the time

47
Q

intermettent reinforcement

A

behaviour is followed by rein. some of the time

48
Q

what is ratio fixed and variable

A

ratio fixed: reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses giving a high rate of responding but with pauses. Variable ratio: reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable average number of responses creating a high steady rate of responses

49
Q

interval schedule fixed and variable

A

fixed: reinforcement occurs after a fixed time has elapsed and variable interval, reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time

50
Q

shaping

A

introducing a new behaviour by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour until the complete behavioural sequence emrges

51
Q

behviour modifiction

A

a systemic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning

52
Q

narcolepsy

A

excessive day time sleepiness

53
Q

sleep apnea

A

stop breathing in sleep

54
Q

activation synthesis theory

A

during sleep the brain has a lot of random activity and dreams attempt to make sense of this

55
Q

freudian theory of dreams

A

wish fulfilment and conflict resolution.

56
Q

manifest content

A

dreams that can be recalled

57
Q

latent content

A

the unconscious elements of the dream

58
Q

information processing theory

A

dreams are for processing info from the day

59
Q

sleep spindles

A

stage two burst of rapid brain waves

60
Q

brain steps to sleep

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus responds to low light levels sending message to the pineal gland to release the hormone melatonin that increases sleepiness

Psych, Natural Science (9 decks)

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