Quick Unit 2 Flashcards
amblyopia
loss of visual abilities in a weaker eye
Strabismus
lack of coordination of movement in both eyes
kinesthetic sense
receptor cells in muscles tell us if we are moving and in what direction
vestibular sense
located in the semicircular canals of the ear telling body position
3 gestalt grouping laws
proximity, closure, and similarity
What is depth perception
relies on two types: binocular and monocular
what is convergence
a binocular cue that is the tendency of the eyes to move toward each other as we focus on an object up close
binocular disparity
different images of objects are cast on the retinas of each eye
monocular cues
cues from one eye, 2 dimensional
gestalt principles are by what process?
top down
visual agnosia
damage to the what pathway
prosopagnosia
form of visual agnosia in which people cannot recognize faces
vision path in the brain
visual info leaves retina, travels to superior colliculus to thalamus to primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
opponent process theory suggests and explains what
colours are processed in opposite pairs and explain after images. If you stare at green too long you can’t see red
What three structures analyze colour in antagonistic opponent pairs?
ganglion cells, thalamus and visual cortex
What does trichromatic theory suggest
there are three different sensors for colour and each type responds to a different wave length
what is electromagnetic radiation?
a stimulus for light
what is tinnitus
ringing in the ear
What is amusia
tone deafness, inability to distinguish between pitch
path of hearing in the brain
cochlea to brainstem to thalamus to auditory cortex to auditory associated areas in the cortex
3 ways we adapt to noise
muscle contractions, hair cells becoming less sensitive and attention (cocktail party effect)
two major causes of deafness
conductive (blockage or break in hearing process) or nerve (damage or malformation of hair cells or auditory nerve)
frequency
pitch of sound
amplitude
loudness
familial dysaitonomia
inability to detect pain or temperature
endorphins and enkephalins are
natural pain killers
cingulotomy
destruction of the cingulate cortex
gate control theory
patterns of neural activity can actually close a gate that prevents messages from reaching parts of the brain where they are perceived as pain
anosmia
inability to smell
ageusia
inability to taste
reflex epilespsy
seizure from smells
vicarious learning
occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another actions and the chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so
what is habituation
non associative: weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation
what is sensitization
non associative: a strong stimulus that results in an exaggerated response to subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli
two types of associative learning
classical and operant
acquisition
the initial leaning of the stimulus response relationship - realizing connection
what is stimulus discrimination
an organism leanrs to emit a certain behaviour in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in the presence of a similar one
higher order conditioning
occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditied sim for further conditioning
extinction
reduction of a conditioned response
what was the little albert experiment?
classical conditioning and fear. Watson conditioned little albert to be afraid of a white rat by playing a loud noise overtime he reached for the animal. Little albert cries at rats.
systematic sensitization
a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation
conditioned taste aversion
previously neutral taste stimulus sets pairing with illness
who created the puzzle box
edward thorndike
what is the law of effect
behaviours that create pleasantness
behaviourism
founded by BF Skinner, the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour. Organisms font simply respond to environment but also operate on it
continuous reinforcement
behaviour is reinforced all of the time
intermettent reinforcement
behaviour is followed by rein. some of the time
what is ratio fixed and variable
ratio fixed: reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses giving a high rate of responding but with pauses. Variable ratio: reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable average number of responses creating a high steady rate of responses
interval schedule fixed and variable
fixed: reinforcement occurs after a fixed time has elapsed and variable interval, reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time
shaping
introducing a new behaviour by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour until the complete behavioural sequence emrges
behviour modifiction
a systemic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning
narcolepsy
excessive day time sleepiness
sleep apnea
stop breathing in sleep
activation synthesis theory
during sleep the brain has a lot of random activity and dreams attempt to make sense of this
freudian theory of dreams
wish fulfilment and conflict resolution.
manifest content
dreams that can be recalled
latent content
the unconscious elements of the dream
information processing theory
dreams are for processing info from the day
sleep spindles
stage two burst of rapid brain waves
brain steps to sleep
suprachiasmatic nucleus responds to low light levels sending message to the pineal gland to release the hormone melatonin that increases sleepiness
