Chapter 8 Flashcards
Information Process Theory focuses on?
how children memories develop through the processes of using, remembering and learning info from their environment
Parallel Distribution Theory suggests
information is processed through different areas of the brain, making a web of memories
How do we enhance working memory?
rehearsal and repetition
How do we enhance long term memory?
space rehearsal and distributed practice
What are the two ways to encode
automatic encoding and effortful encoding
what is sensory memory
memory involving detailed, brief sensory images or sounds retained for a brief period of time
Who is George Sperling
He first identified sensory memory by showing 3 rows of 4 random letters for a brief period, then asked participants to write down all that they could remember
How many pieces of info does working memory hold
5-9
3 different types of encoding
Phonological, Visual and Semantic
Explain elaboration
the more we can elaborate or expand on the meaning and make the information personally relevant, the better we remember it
Mnemonic
techniques used to increase meaningfulness of information
How can memory span number be improved?
chunking
3 factors that influence information stored in long term memory
attention, encoding and inaccessibility
Explain the types of long term memories and the categories
Explicit:Semantic and Episodic. Implicit: Priming Procedural and Classically Conditioned
What is the difference between explicit and implicit
Explicit is conscious, implicit in unconscious
What is procedural memory?
motor skills and habits such as how to drive your car
What is priming
earlier exposure facilitates retrieval such as heightened fears after reading a scary novel
What does craik and lock harts levels of processing suggest?
memory depends on how deeply we process the information
shallow processing
physical characteristics of words such as capitals or lowercase are not remembered well
deep processing
remembered much better such as the meaning of words or symbolic significance
How do we retrieve memories?
mentally search brain for stored information and if it is located then it is brought back into working memory
What are retrieval cues
words sites or other stimuli that trigger a memory
Context effects are
how we can remember things better where we first learned them
Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because of
priming. Seeing info on a test that you saw in studying is easier than recalling it alone
What is state dependent memory
memory retrieval by being in the same state of mind in which you encoded the memory
flashbulb memory
detailed and near permanent memories of emotionally significant events or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about in that event
3 reasons we forget
encoding failure, storage failure and retrieval failure
Decay Theory
Memory traces fade over time but leave a memory trace. Based on the research by Ebbinghaus, who was the first to scientifically study memory. Relearning is much faster.
Ebbinghaus researched what theory
Decay Theory
What is a memory trace
Physical trace of memory in the brain, may be faded
What is interference
forgettting is influenced by what happens before and after the learning takes place
Proactive interference
old information blocks memory of new information
Retroactive Interference
New information blocks memory of old information
Memory is never lost when repressed, it is just
hidden in the unconscious
What memories are not supported by research?
repressed memories
Three factors of memory distortions
source misattributions, misinformation, imagination
What is source misattribution
remembering information but not the source that it came frm
what is misinformation
remembering information that is not true
The prefrontal cortex is important in
working memory
The hippocampus is important for
the transfer of memories into long term memory. This shrinks with age.
What is long term potentiation
important for the transfer of memories into long term memory
most early episodic memories are
emotional
prospective memory
remembering to perform future intended actions. This can decline with age
What prevents memory loss with age?
physical excercise
Organic Memory Disorders
Have a biological cause such as head trauma and disease
Dissociative Memory Disorders
No physical cause for memory loss
Amnesia
Organic. Memory kiss is the primary symptom,
Dementia
Organic. Memory and cognitive loss occurs and caused by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Twisted protein cell int he hippocampus and other brain areas
Senile plaques
protein deposits in hippocampus and other brain areas
Dissociative Amnesia
Memory loss of an extremely painful situation
Dissociative Fugue
Loss of memory of personal identity and past life with flight to a new location
Dissociative Personality Disorder
Multiple personality disorder
