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Psych, Natural Science > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Information Process Theory focuses on?

A

how children memories develop through the processes of using, remembering and learning info from their environment

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2
Q

Parallel Distribution Theory suggests

A

information is processed through different areas of the brain, making a web of memories

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3
Q

How do we enhance working memory?

A

rehearsal and repetition

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4
Q

How do we enhance long term memory?

A

space rehearsal and distributed practice

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5
Q

What are the two ways to encode

A

automatic encoding and effortful encoding

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6
Q

what is sensory memory

A

memory involving detailed, brief sensory images or sounds retained for a brief period of time

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7
Q

Who is George Sperling

A

He first identified sensory memory by showing 3 rows of 4 random letters for a brief period, then asked participants to write down all that they could remember

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8
Q

How many pieces of info does working memory hold

A

5-9

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9
Q

3 different types of encoding

A

Phonological, Visual and Semantic

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10
Q

Explain elaboration

A

the more we can elaborate or expand on the meaning and make the information personally relevant, the better we remember it

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11
Q

Mnemonic

A

techniques used to increase meaningfulness of information

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12
Q

How can memory span number be improved?

A

chunking

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13
Q

3 factors that influence information stored in long term memory

A

attention, encoding and inaccessibility

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14
Q

Explain the types of long term memories and the categories

A

Explicit:Semantic and Episodic. Implicit: Priming Procedural and Classically Conditioned

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15
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit

A

Explicit is conscious, implicit in unconscious

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16
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

motor skills and habits such as how to drive your car

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17
Q

What is priming

A

earlier exposure facilitates retrieval such as heightened fears after reading a scary novel

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18
Q

What does craik and lock harts levels of processing suggest?

A

memory depends on how deeply we process the information

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19
Q

shallow processing

A

physical characteristics of words such as capitals or lowercase are not remembered well

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20
Q

deep processing

A

remembered much better such as the meaning of words or symbolic significance

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21
Q

How do we retrieve memories?

A

mentally search brain for stored information and if it is located then it is brought back into working memory

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22
Q

What are retrieval cues

A

words sites or other stimuli that trigger a memory

23
Q

Context effects are

A

how we can remember things better where we first learned them

24
Q

Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because of

A

priming. Seeing info on a test that you saw in studying is easier than recalling it alone

25
Q

What is state dependent memory

A

memory retrieval by being in the same state of mind in which you encoded the memory

26
Q

flashbulb memory

A

detailed and near permanent memories of emotionally significant events or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about in that event

27
Q

3 reasons we forget

A

encoding failure, storage failure and retrieval failure

28
Q

Decay Theory

A

Memory traces fade over time but leave a memory trace. Based on the research by Ebbinghaus, who was the first to scientifically study memory. Relearning is much faster.

29
Q

Ebbinghaus researched what theory

A

Decay Theory

30
Q

What is a memory trace

A

Physical trace of memory in the brain, may be faded

31
Q

What is interference

A

forgettting is influenced by what happens before and after the learning takes place

32
Q

Proactive interference

A

old information blocks memory of new information

33
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New information blocks memory of old information

34
Q

Memory is never lost when repressed, it is just

A

hidden in the unconscious

35
Q

What memories are not supported by research?

A

repressed memories

36
Q

Three factors of memory distortions

A

source misattributions, misinformation, imagination

37
Q

What is source misattribution

A

remembering information but not the source that it came frm

38
Q

what is misinformation

A

remembering information that is not true

39
Q

The prefrontal cortex is important in

A

working memory

40
Q

The hippocampus is important for

A

the transfer of memories into long term memory. This shrinks with age.

41
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

important for the transfer of memories into long term memory

42
Q

most early episodic memories are

A

emotional

43
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform future intended actions. This can decline with age

44
Q

What prevents memory loss with age?

A

physical excercise

45
Q

Organic Memory Disorders

A

Have a biological cause such as head trauma and disease

46
Q

Dissociative Memory Disorders

A

No physical cause for memory loss

47
Q

Amnesia

A

Organic. Memory kiss is the primary symptom,

48
Q

Dementia

A

Organic. Memory and cognitive loss occurs and caused by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques

49
Q

Neurofibrillary Tangles

A

Twisted protein cell int he hippocampus and other brain areas

50
Q

Senile plaques

A

protein deposits in hippocampus and other brain areas

51
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Memory loss of an extremely painful situation

52
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Loss of memory of personal identity and past life with flight to a new location

53
Q

Dissociative Personality Disorder

A

Multiple personality disorder

Psych, Natural Science (9 decks)

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